JY films

[Tino & Amy's Reception] 4/4 - Cake Cutting

2010-05-20T17:26:00.001+10:00

[Tino & Amy's Reception] 3/4 - Photographing

2010-05-20T17:26:00.000+10:00

[Tino & Amy's Reception] 2/4 - Greeting

2010-05-20T17:23:00.004+10:00

[Tino & Amy's Reception] 1/4 - Opening

2010-05-20T17:21:00.001+10:00

JY's My Boss

2010-05-20T17:19:00.001+10:00

The life of J.W.J. working and living life to its full.

This video has been taken, edited and special effect was given by iPhone.

3D Logo of Aeons Entertainment

2010-05-20T17:16:00.001+10:00

JY is on Twitter.

2010-05-20T17:15:00.001+10:00

Please follow me on Twitter!

http://twitter.com/AeonsEnt

Aeons Entertainment

2009-07-23T00:44:00.005+10:00

www.AeonsEntertainment.com

Juliet M/V

2009-04-06T18:11:00.002+10:00

by Seo Taiji

Juliet M/V (Teaser Spot)

2009-03-20T05:44:00.006+11:00

by Seo Taiji in 2009

Beautiful Night

2008-12-26T14:23:00.008+11:00

Drink Smart! Party in Moderation - Video

2008-09-05T06:55:00.003+10:00

Binge drinking has become so entrenched with young people today, that it defines their generation. This short film embarks on a journey into the excessive drinking parties held by students at tertiary level. It encapsulates the consequences of binge drinking and highlights alcohol’s negative effects and costs.

Drink Smart! Party in Moderation - Poster

2008-09-03T12:06:00.000+10:00

Drink Smart! Party in Moderation - T-Shirt

2008-09-03T11:13:00.000+10:00

Drink Smart! Party in Moderation - Logo

2008-09-02T12:00:00.003+10:00

The logo of our campaign, against binge drinking, created by Rachel

BE SMART! PARTY IN MODERATION - Storyboard

2008-08-15T04:16:00.003+10:00

Postmodernism and Jean Baudrillard

2008-08-12T19:54:00.006+10:00

How can we define we live in some age? Who can define the age? Most of us who study modern industry and culture, have heard that we live in postmodernism. Why? Because of the modernism age has simply gone, so, now is postmodernism? Postmodernism is still defined unclearly. This has appeared since 1960-70s in which subjects of literature, architecture and art, however, it has been used different meaning of concept in each subject. This essay will explore the general ideas of postmodernism, focusing on the idea of French philosopher, Jean Baudrillard, which is analysed through his book, The Evil Demon of Images (1987) and defined his thoughts from other philosophers.

Jean Baudrillard

Jean Baudrillard (1929-2007) had been known as a French philosopher, sociologist and cultural theorist, was famous through his theories, such as public and mass communication, and mass media and consumption, which are associated with postmodernism.

Baudrillard claimed that people, who have lived in modern age, have consumed their likings rather than functionally use of objects (The Consumer Society: Myths and Structures, 1970), and advocated theories; simulation – reproduction images alternate the real (Simulacra and Simulation, 1981 and hyperreality – if there is no more objects that can be reproduced, then hyperrealty that seems to more real rather than real objects, instead of the real (The Perfect Crime, 1995).

Though theories about public, mass communication, mass media and consumption society, Baudrillard stated that modern society is consumption culture and the people, who live in its culture, have bought the products without its usefulness, because the meaning of buying conveys getting power and authority. They have thus consumed their tastes or likings. In addition, the real, we have believed in, is no longer real because of reproduction images by the Simulation theory. In his view, the Gulf War was not exist in 1991, because no one can say they won and the war did not change anything, thus, it was nothing.

The Evil Demon of Images

In Baudrillard’s book, The Evil Demon of Images (1987) at the University of Sydney, he portrays his ideas about methods of media, such as TV, film and photographs that deliver facts to the public.

Through this book, Baudrillard developed his thoughts – simulacra – as the significant illustrations of the simulacra; "images precede the real to the extent that they invert the causal and logical order of the real and its reproduction (Baudrillard 1987, p. 13)". The author (Baudrillard 1987) demonstrated that images, we have been seeing, such as, photographic, movies and on television, deliver the facts to us and we believe it is the happenings in the today's world. However, it is just showing some things "to resemble reality, events and faces" to the public. Moreover, it takes on their appearance to resemble the other and makes them "enter the realm of metamorphosis despite themselves". An illustration of this is an animal's own being; animals do not know how they conform, but if they know about that they become individual being (pp. 14-15).

In addition, the images are not simply reflecting the real. It could reflect reducing and distorting facts from the real or making better than the real. Since that time, the real is not real anymore, it is just thing to be belonged or taken by the just "real" – not the real. For example, many of us did not touch the battle field during the Vietnam War, but we have become an expert about the war: we have known what kind of helicopters were there and weapons were used, and how the feeling in there, etc. – sunset colour, Vietnamese faces and children are crying. How do we know, even though some of us were born after the war? Yes, Apocalypse Now. We have believed it is exactly the same between the movie and the real war, because we have simply seen the movie which is created by real people within real happenings. All right, now, the War at South Vietnam is replaced on your television at the living room. And we would be crying, because it is a sad story of the war. True or fake and cause and effect do not matter at that time and "TV is also an implosive nuclear", because of chain-reactive process (pp. 16-19).

Baudrillard defined the "Simulacrum and reality, it is clear that the real so arranged itself, in the image of the film, as to produce a simulation of catastrophe (p. 20)". It is the logic of simulacra: the images must have its purpose against or related to the real. It also affect memories of people, but after replaying it makes opposite results from people’s memories to people connected memory (pp. 20-23).

The author also defined between TV as media and cold war: "To reheat this cold event via a cold medium, television, for masses who are themselves cold (p. 25), TV, the veritable final solution to the historicity of every event. In a word, we dream of our disappearance and of seeing the world in its inhuman purity (p. 26)".

Baudrillard did not believed in pedagogy of images and dialectic between image and reality, because of respect of images, in pedagogy of message and meaning. He thought it is collusion between images and life. (p. 27). It is just a kind of "primal please, of anthropological joy in images, a kind of brute fascination unencumbered by aesthetic, moral, social or political judgements, because of this it is their fundamental power lies in this immorality" (p. 28).
Therefore, "there is something more than that which is peculiar to our modern media image" and the images are sites of "the production of meaning and representation" - it is on the contrary because they are sites of the disappearance of meaning and representation – which "we are caught quite apart from any judgement of reality", thus sites of a mortal approach of denegation of the real and of the reality principle (p. 29).

Baudrillard pointed out the "Simultaneous with this attempt at absolute coincidence with the real, cinema also approaches an absolute coincidence with itself”. And he also claimed movies plagiarise and resemble it, "remakes its classics, retro activates its original myths, remakes silent films more perfect than the originals, etc.": he emphasised that all this is logical. "Cinema is fascinated by itself as a lost object just as it (and we) is fascinated by the real as a referential in perdition and these things including cool promiscuity, asexual engagement of two cold media which evolve in asymptotic line towards one another (p. 33-34)".

Through this book, Baudrillard conveyed the example of object of simulacra in modern life. That is the media – TV, movies and photographs, we have called and deliver of facts we believed in. It could be defined through his thoughts; we are just seeing the images on those media. It is just images, not more and not less. The real is always there behind them.

Postmodernism

The definition of postmodernism is vague, because this movement of age is also not clear. According to Jean-Francois Lyotard (1924-1988), a French philosopher and literary theorist, in his book, The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge (1979), the postmodern condition is in which a quintessential feature of modernity, such as mental dialectic, a movement for the emancipation of working class, an accumulated capital, demolishing the distinction of classes, does gather any confidence.

Postmodernism, this is a cultural movement and a concept of culture, politics, economy and society in today’s age. This was begun by a student's political activity, women's liberation movement, antisegregation movement in the United States and France in 1960s and then through 1970s, to today. Through the features of postmodernism below, it could be recognised closer. Firstly, postmodernism is indeterminacy meant several features including vagueness, discontinuity, voluntariness, treason and etc. That means accept naturally no regret world's dissolution. Because postmodernism has no absoluteness, it can accept variety and coincidence of life. Secondly, fragmentation, modernist had desire about some rules and units, and then they had used the method based on fragment. Postmodernism, however, have showed its self form the fragment, and that is all. In the modernism, it tried to gather within whole system that can make human life all the same in capitalism. Therefore, the products of art were rejected by the capitalism, but those products have come into the consumption system in postmodernism. Finally, decanonisation. Canonisation means that somebody is stated officially now a saint. It was realisation of universal value, but it is now professed ruling ideology, Western civilisation and an androcentric society. "In a universe where no more explanations are possible, all that remains is to play with the pieces. Playing with the pieces, that is postmodernism (Baudrillard 1987, p. 29)". As a result, decanonisation comes into the world. Postmodernism rejects high social class culture and elitism. It comes together with the public. Thus, in the literature area, new genre stories came such as, a detective story, Sci-Fi fiction, women's literature, and in art area, used bottle of Coca-Cola and the Superman images by Andy Warhol.

"Simplifying to the extreme, I define postmodern as incredulity toward metanarratives. This incredulity is undoubtedly a product of progress in the sciences: but that progress in turn presupposes it (Lyotard 1970)". Postmodernism that has these features is progressive. It reflects previous sense of value, rejects the art for the one class and aims the art that all classes enjoy, so it uses materials and topics that the public touch friendly. Moreover, postmodernism is very reality. It shows directly what world we live in. However, the meaning of "showing directly" is not the same, "realism". Its self of realism could not be real; it is following new method up and against pleasure of good method. These features state that postmodernism is non political and historical movement, but it does not matter of postmodernist who has no interested in politics and realise the history is discontinuity being.

Conclusion

This essay explored the concept and features of postmodernism so far. Postmodernism is not a clearly defined subject. Postmodernism is progress movement and tries to get over the limits of the previous literature level. Also, it denies the art for only one class and makes the public join together. However, the most important is postmodernism is the concept which is formed and indeterminate. It is not the social responsibility. Therefore, it is unnecessary that "postmodernism is like that".

References
Baudrillard, J. 1981, Simulacra and Simulation, trans. S.F. Glaser, University of Michigan Press, 1995, Ann Arbor.

Baudrillard, J. 1970, The Consumer Society: Myths and Structures, 1st edn, Sage Publications Ltd, 1998, London.

Baudrillard, J. 1987, The Evil Demon of Images, Power Institute, Sydney, pp. 13-34.

Baudrillard, J. 1995, The Perfect Crime, Verso Books, 1996, London.

Lyotard, J.F. 1979, The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge, Manchester University Press, 1984, Manchester.

THE TICKET (with Korean subtitles)

2008-08-09T23:54:00.000+10:00

No Winners (Practice Shoot)

2008-08-09T02:49:00.001+10:00

This is a practice shoot for the campaign, anti-binge drinking.

Real one is coming September 2008.

Be Smart, Party in Moderation

TEMPEST - Master of Puppets & So What

2008-08-01T17:27:00.002+10:00

This was the first performance of TEMPEST, Korean indie rock band, in 2003.

Vocal: Jae Chul Yoo
1st Guitar: Chul Ji
2nd Guitar: Seung Chan Yoon
Bass: Sung Ho Hwang
Drums: Jae Seol Myung
Keyboard: Ji Eun Lim

Sunset

2008-07-25T13:57:00.002+10:00

Chalmers Street, Sydney, Australia

The Day (2003)

2008-07-16T22:44:00.007+10:00

Do you remember the day in 2003?

We were in the Crazy where we had celebrated every birthday.

We were crazy, but I miss you in the day.

"3" - 3 minutes

2008-06-24T21:10:00.006+10:00

Rachel has only 3 minutes to get to class.

Class exercise - Moving camera

This exercise was good to understand how camera operated by non-tripod and wide-lens helped on moving camera. Also sound effects make the video livelier.

THE TICKET - Storyboard

2008-05-22T01:25:00.003+10:00

THE TICKET

2008-05-16T08:13:00.011+10:00

The film begins with a peaceful park on some sunny day. One old man fumbles about trying to find his cigarette in his pocket, but he does not have any. He asks some people who walk by him to borrow a cigarette, but they do not answer him. He continues to look for someone to give him a cigarette. Suddenly, he sees a booth with a reception desk and a card “Get free ticket”.

I am a tough guy!

2008-05-13T20:53:00.013+10:00

Who's that guy in the photo? James Dean? No!
His name is Quentin Fuller, who has passion more than anyone I know.

This photo above is one of my favourite photos of Quentin.

In this photo, he doesn't appear that he trying to look good,

but he tells us I am a tough guy and we realise that when he turns to the camera.

In May 1970, he was in Vietnam as a soldier.

In May 2008, he is in The Ticket as a mysterious man.

THE TICKET - Trailer

2008-05-09T18:19:00.008+10:00

THE TICKET is just around the corner!

2008-05-05T22:23:00.008+10:00

THE TICKET directed by Jae Yeon Hwang is now just around the corner.

In this short film, the director captures the elements between life and death. The film focuses on the choices we make to continue living or to embrace death.

The film will be showcased in May 2008 on the director's official website, www.jyhwang.com.

Great Buckingham Films

2008-04-28T21:05:00.004+10:00

Great Buckingham Films

"Doing a Grand Job!" Join the W.A.A.A.F

2008-04-28T18:30:00.009+10:00

During the two wars, World War I and II, a large number of posters grabbed the public's attention in each country. These posters were used by governments to promote recruitment and encourage people to join the armed services. These recruiting posters served as a notice to advertise the war were also used for propaganda purposes, persuasion and motivation. This essay will analyse the poster captioned, "Doing a Grand Job!" Join the W.A.A.A.F. This poster was used by the Australian Air Force during the Second World War, especially to recruit women.

Propaganda refers to ideas or statements that may be false or exaggerated. According to Jowett and O'Donnell (1999), "propaganda is the deliberate, systematic attempt to shape perceptions, manipulate cognitions, and direct behaviour to achieve a response that furthers the desired intent of the propagandist". The aim of the messages of propaganda is to influence the public's thoughts, opinions or behaviour. The "Doing a Grand Job!" Join the W.A.A.A.F propaganda poster, convinced the target audience to enter the military in order to fight for their own country and family. This essay will demonstrate the signification of the war poster in terms of the first and second order of signification, focusing on the gender ideology in the second order.

Signification is composed of two elements; denotation and connotation. According to Fiske (1990, pp. 85-86), the first order describes "the relationship between the signifier and signified", that derive ideas from Ferdinand de Saussure (1857 – 1913), a modern linguist. The second order of the signification describes the "interaction that occurs when the sign meets the feelings or emotions of the users and the values of their culture", that used as the term by Roland Barthes (1915-1980), a semiotician.

The war poster in this essay, "Doing a Grand Job!" Join the W.A.A.A.F (Northfield 1942) was used to recruit women to the Australian Air Force.

Large numbers of men had been sent to the battle fields during the two world wars. Most industries at that time concentrated on the war. Prior to World War II, most women did not do jobs other than household work. With most men away at war, women needed to support their families. These needs lead to the use of women in many new job opportunities created by the government. For this reason, in March 1941, The Women's Auxiliary Australian Air Force (WAAAF) was formed as the first and largest of the World War II Australian Women's services. Furthermore, women worked for the Air Force to assist male wireless telegraphers for the first time. Until WAAAF was disbanded in December 1947, approximately 27,000 women had worked. The women were accepted into 73 different positions, including highly skilled technical employment, such as telegrapher, armament worker, electrician, fitter, flight mechanic, fabric worker, instrument maker and meteorological assistant (National Foundation for Australian Women 2008).

In the left of the poster, there is a woman, oblique standing, wearing a blue jacket, a black necktie, a gray shirt, and a blue hat and gazing at the sky. In the bottom-right of the poster, an office different place from the woman, there are two women who wear the same blue clothes with the woman. The left woman of them sits on the chair, wears a headset – a pair of headphones with a microphone and writes something on the paper on the desk. The right woman also sits on the chair and typewrites. In the middle-right of the poster, there are two fighter planes behind outside of the office where two women are. Left one stands on the land in front of a plane garage around three people and right one in front of other garage stands by to take off. In addition one person who have a note-board and wears a bag, a helmet and etc., looks at the right plane. In top-right corner of the poster, there are two fighter planes flying in the sky.

The woman is depicted in the materials of the circumstance of the airfield, which suggests a strong connection between them. The woman is wearing a blue jacket, hat and a black necktie, which appears her from this uniform - her job and blue is symbol colour of the air force. She gazes at the sky where two planes are flying that reminds she work for the air force. The way that she looks at the sky, giving a long look with a smile, is reminiscent that she is proud of her self working for the air force. The blue colour conveys reader's attention to the two women in the office. Their jobs as telegrapher and typewriting suggest they also work proudly for the air force. Between sky and the office, the fighter plane standing by, indicates that two places, airfield and office, are different places and the two women are in a safe place.

The text at the top of the poster, "Doing a Grand Job!" explains what they are doing within all these elements. The key word of the text, GRAND, suggests that they work but it is not for the money, they have grand jobs for the country. The text at the bottom of the poster, "Join the W.A.A.A.F" conveys the reader to the final aim of this poster. These bold capital letters do not explain what W.A.A.A.F stands for, but the continued sentence, "AND PLAY YOUR PART IN THE BIG TASK AHEAD", suggests that the grand job is your part as telegrapher and typewriting in the 'big task' – not use WAR. Moreover, through the next sentence, "Apply – RAAF recruiting centre or local committee", the poster explains that how apply this grand job.

Therefore, this poster portrays legitimately that women can work for the air force, but not as a solder. Their 'grand' job is supporting the military where men fight. Zwingel (2004, p. 4) states that women's activities that they did for the military, country and family in the war are hardly recognised by men. Furthermore, women's parts do need hard work, so it is indicated as "play" and the "big task" is not women's part. Women just play in the men's war. It still realise that the women did not fight for keeping-peace, they just work for job making money and they are remembered behind men who were at battle field.

In conclusion, during the World War II, there were large numbers of women worked for the air force. Even though their job was not related to participate actively in the warfare, they fought the war indirectly by supporting the military at the base or by doing groundwork or by providing their domestic services to military. However, women were recognised as supporters of men who worked for country. In addition, these jobs were seen as those which were noble and respectable.

References
Fiske, J. 1990, Introduction to Communication Studies, 2nd edn, Routledge, London.

Jowett, G.S and O'Donnell, V. 1999, Propaganda and Persuasion, 3rd den, Sage Publications, London.

National Foundation for Australian Women 2008, Women's Auxiliary Australian Air Force (WAAAF) (1941 - 1947), National Foundation for Australian Women , viewed 28 April 2008, < http://www.womenaustralia.info/biogs/AWE0400b.htm>.

Northfield, J. 1942, "Doing a grand job!" Join the W.A.A.A.F, poster, Australian War Memorial, Canberra.

Zwingel, S. 2004, Gendered responsibilities for war and peace. Strategies of political, socio-economic and psychological reconstruction in post-war Germany, American Political Science Association, Chicago, viewed 28 April 2008, <http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p60595_index.html>.

The Significance of YouTube

2008-04-24T12:59:00.016+10:00

The new movie, Speed Racer (2008) directed by the Wachowski Brothers, who directed The Matrix trilogy, is coming soon. Well, where will you go to see its trailer? Right, YouTube!

YouTube is one of the video sharing websites based on users' activities, such as uploading, viewing and sharing video clips. This website has opened for approximately three years; however, its results are incredibly success. "In January 2008, nearly 79 million viewers watched more than three billion user-posted videos on YouTube" (Yen 2008, para. 9). This essay will examine this website, focusing on its importance and effects.

Broadcast Yourself
YouTube is simply defined as sharing video clips website, but its contents-videos are not simply defined because of their variety of kinds. Movie trailer (official and fan made), music video (original and user created), fun video (home video and captured TV), promotion video (commercial and non-commercial), accidents (vehicle and autos), news, people, animals, sports, etc., the videos on YouTube are enormous amount of genre. Moreover, the linked videos that related to the video watched by user at the moment lead to user's interests to keep stay in YouTube. The users of YouTube absolutely realise that "Internet video is a powerful medium" (Fyfe 2008, para. 2). Even though all kind of videos are not able to see (because of censorship to protect users' emotion against some videos, such as very strong violence), YouTube has unlimited genre videos. Today, many of users use YouTube as a place of discussion. They show (not write) their opinion and also get the feedback through some people's videos titled "RE:". YouTube's motto, "Broadcast Yourself" could aim this phenomenon. For example, there are so many contents related to sex, but all contents that are written a word "sex" in their title, are not adult videos. Some of them show users' (in this case, 'creators' is correct.) opinions against sex contents. In addition, the creators, who have opposing opinions about sex contents, use half-naked woman photos as the video still on the profile of its video. Ironically, to express (and 'broadcast') against sex contents, the users of opposing opinions use traditional sex contents.

User-Created Content
YouTube has promoted the User-Created Contents that is "one of the main features of the participative web but the participative web is a wider concept and comprises various forms of media and creative works (written, audio, visual and combined) created by Internet and technology users" (OECD 2007, p. 17). The meaning of user on media field in the past was just receiver. However, they are not receiver now in terms of the User-Created Content with Web 2.0 that "aims to facilitate creativity, information sharing, and, most notably, collaboration among users" (Wikipedia 2008, para. 1).

A duo of college students, Anthony Padilla and Ian Hecox, has uploaded their created contents, such as, writing, filming, acting and editing in their own skits and "music videos", by the nickname, Smosh. Their contents make them famous and their channel becomes as the most subscribed by over 336,000 subscribers, as of April 2008. The amount of Smosh's videos, 48, is about one hundred times less than 4,740 videos of Universal Music Group that one of the major music groups. However, Universal Music Group's channel is subscribed by about 269,000 subscribers (YouTube 2008). In this case, the number of these shows what users want to watch is not always big budget videos, and also everybody can be a creator who obtains big buzz.

Time's Person of the Year: You

Time, American weekly news magazine, announced, "Time's person of the year for 2006 is you". According to Time (2006, para. 9), 'you' have seized the reins of the global media, founded and framed the new digital democracy, worked for nothing and beaten the pros at their own game. Who are 'you'? "It's a story about community and collaboration on a scale never seen before. It's about the cosmic compendium of knowledge Wikipedia and the million-channel people's network YouTube and the online metropolis MySpace". Thus, the 'you' is people who create all kinds of media contents that "wrest power from the few and help one another for nothing and how that will not only change the world, but also change the way the world changes" (Time 2006, para. 3). 'You' are not just received the news produced by media; 'you' are media as self production that created own news. Moreover, 'you' are not just watching movies acted by famous actors and actress; 'you' become a hero/heroine in your own movies.

YouTube is a website, composited of video contents that are uploaded, created and shared by users. YouTube's success has realised what contents have moved from passive media, such major newspaper companies and broadcasting stations, to active media, such as fun home videos and showing opinion of one self. Now, the term, 'major powerful media' also has been moved by its amount of 'subscription'.

References
Fyfe, Kristen 2008, 'YouTube's Great Influence - for Good and for Ill', American Family News Network, 10 April, viewed 23 April 2008, <http://www.onenewsnow.com/Perspectives/Default.aspx?id=75441>.

Grossman, Lev 2006, 'Time's Person of the Year: You', Time, 13 December, viewed 23 April 2008, <http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1569514,00.html>.

OECD 2007, Participative Web and User-Created Content - Web 2.0, Wikis and Social Networking, OECD Publications, Paris, viewed 23 April 2008, <http://213.253.134.43/oecd/pdfs/browseit/9307031E.PDF>.

Yen, Y.W. 2008, 'YouTube Looks for the Money Clip', Cable News Network, 25 March, viewed 23 April 2008, <http://techland.blogs.fortune.cnn.com/2008/03/25/youtube-looks-for-the-money-clip/>.

YouTube 2008, Most Subscribed, YouTube, viewed 23 April 2008, <http://www.youtube.com/members?s=ms&t=a&g=0>.

Wikipedia 2008, Web 2.0, Wikipedia, viewed 23 April 2008, <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_2.0>.

Earth Day and Google Logos

2008-04-22T22:51:00.014+10:00

Earth Day (22 April) is one of the Google regular days that its logo has changed. To commemorate holidays and events, Google has put logos designed for those days.

Well, who has designed them? Professional designer who occasionally employed by Google, from public subscription or someone who works full time for Google?

The logos are created by Dennis Hwang who is a webmaster of Google and also designs Google special logos, but the work for logos is only 20% job of him.

By the way, I'm so proud of his last name that is the same with my one, Hwang, very unusual Korean name.

THE TICKET is coming soon!

2008-04-21T20:20:00.005+10:00

Australia's National Tobacco Campaign

2008-04-14T20:49:00.007+10:00

The Australian government has campaigned against cigarette smoking since 2006. This campaign has used strong images, such as mouth cancer and heart disease, on the back side of cigarette packs.

This campaign has succeeded. Through this campaign, many smokers, especially in young smokers, have quit their smoking. However, the images are still argued about because of their strength.

Harvard Style

2008-04-12T18:47:00.019+10:00

All the university and college students I have known must prefer Harvard style, even though they have never studied at Harvard University.

The Harvard style doesn't mean a special style of studying. It refers to a citation system which is used for writing, such as, essay and report. The citation system is one of the most important elements of the writing, because it clearly and simply helps readers where sources come from.

Harvard Referencing Guide

Faith

2008-04-08T22:48:00.010+10:00

Now faith is being sure of what we hope for and certain of what we do not see (Hebrews 11:1)

If you believe that you see, it is just 'knowledge'.
If you want something, you must believe that you will get it.

Do not think what you do not have at the moment.

You Make Me Feel So Young

2008-04-02T00:45:00.006+11:00

How can you make me feel better?
You probably have a magic sound of voice.

Even though you are elder than me,
your passion is younger than mine.

But, I will make it better,
because you make me feel so young.

Thanks, Frank!

Marx’s Class Conflict and Titanic

2008-04-01T13:18:00.012+11:00

How would have the 20th century of the world developed if Karl Marx (1818-1883) was not born? It could plainly be stated that the history of the 20th century received its basic theories from Marx. Half of all people in the world lived in countries of the 20th century that inherited Marx's theories, for one hundred years after Marx's death. Many people agree that Marx has been one of the most important people who still influence world history. One of Marx's theories on 'class conflict' is an important work, along with the theory 'alienation', because through these theories, Marx explained social theory. This essay will examine the theory of Marx's class conflict, focusing on the presence of inequality and oppression in society, associated with the movie, Titanic (1997).

The theory of class conflict explains the human social history between two classes, the exploiting and the exploited. This social theory, one of the major theories developed by Marx, also founded the basis of communism. According to Marx (1848, chap. 1), "the history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles" - This is the common theory of Marxism. This statement explains that all existing circumstances of history have caused class conflict and that history has been improved by class conflicts. The class conflict was explained by Marx and Engels through the book, The Communist Manifesto (1848). They pointed out that classes, such as, freeman and slave, patrician and plebeian, lord and serf, guild-master and journeyman, opposed each other. Moreover, their society was obviously divided by classes. There are two classes defined by the ownership of property in the society, one is "the bourgeoisie, who own the factories and corporations and form the ruling class" and another one is "the proletariat, the mass of workers, who [are] exploited by this ruling class (Berger 1982, p. 44)". Marx believed that capitalism, as a socioeconomic system made the classes, which causes internal tension leading to its destruction and resultantly displaced by communism, so communists must promote the destruction and prepare for displacement (Morrow and Torres 1995, p. 121). Marx's view was economic sight. The two classes have interests in common, thus, they are in conflict with those of another class as a whole. This is turn leads to conflict between individual members of different classes (Berger 1982, p. 45). In addition, Marx did not recognise other systems of classification. Through the Marx's view, only the classes between employer and employee are substantial system of classification and others, which classify classes by religion, race, and nation, are not the system. Marx believed the reason being that they are not natural or useful to humans.

The movie, Titanic (1997) is about the sinking of the Titanic, an Olympic-class passenger liner. It is based on real story of the Titanic; more than 1500 people died and only 700 people rescued on its Maiden voyage from England to New York on 15 April, 1912. The main story of this movie is about the love of two passengers- Jack Dawson and Rose DeWitt Bukater - of different social classes. Through their love, this movie conveys the inequality between first-class passengers and third-class passengers.

There are two parties in the Titanic. Under the deck, is allocated to the poorer, third-class passengers. Their party is fabulous – natural, humanistic, and active, so everybody enjoys it. However, on the deck, the party of the first-class passengers is boring – conventional formalities, burdensome protocol, and cheap conversations. Through these parties, the movie portrays first-class passengers as foolish as well as the first-class passengers being 'worldly-minded' people.

The mother of the heroine, Rose DeWitt Bukater, is primarily concerned with her daughter's marriage to Karl- a rich man from the steel industry- in order to sustain their depreciating family. Karl gives a big diamond to Rose DeWitt Bukater in order to interest her mind. Jack Dawson saves Rose's life when Rose attempts suicide, later being invited to a party for first-class passengers. One of the first-class passengers, Molly Brown, previously a poor woman who became rich from the mine industry, introduces the people in the party; Duff Gordon, who earns lots of money from women's flashily and Guggenheim, who travels with his immoral girlfriend. During the party, when the conversation goes to the theory of Freud, psychologist, the shipowner asks, "Who is Freud? Is he a passenger?". This movie portrays the high-class people as foolish people without any 'basic' knowledge.

Although Jack and Rose are of different social classes, they fall in love. Meanwhile, the Titanic collides with an iceberg. During the Titanic’s sinking, the crew lock steel doors under the deck, in order to blockade the path of third-class passengers, who want to get onto lifeboats. The crew also threaten to kill passengers with guns because the priority for boarding life-boats is allocated to first-class passengers. While only one lifeboat remains, the third-class passengers break the barriers and doors, intruding onto the deck. At the same time, a member of ship-crew named Willy kills a third-class passenger then kills himself. The passenger killed was a friend of Jack. Additionally portrayed is a third-class woman, who unable to board a lifeboat, gives her children sleeping pills, further inducing sleep by telling a story. Moreover, Karl- Rose's fiancé- bribes the crew and uses a girl, in tears because she lost her parents, to get on a lifeboat, forcing a third-class passenger out of the boat using an oar.

On the one hand, the shipowner, who does not know Freud, also unfairly gets the lifeboat for women and children. Meanwhile, Willy, the crew-member, looks at him with a mocking laughter and anger, while lowering the boat. The captain, who has administrative responsibilities and experiences, seemed to have plenty of confidence in himself earlier, but later loses his resolve and does not make any order during the two hours of the Titanic's sinking. Showing his role allegorically, he is portrayed to die in the ship’s steering room.

On the other hand, the crew, including Willy, maintain their role aboard until the last moment. In fact, extremely few crew who row life-boats, survive. The members of a string quartet forego personal survival and play music until their death.

The 700 first-class passengers, as the ‘chosen people’ on lifeboats, see the final moments of the Titanic and the other 1500 people, which descend into the North Atlantic Ocean, as despairing third-class passengers. The sinking resulted primarily in the death of women, consisting of 45% in the third-class, 16% in the second-class, with only 3% in the first-class.

In conclusion, the scenes of the Titanic prove that "history is based on unending class conflict (Berger 1982, p. 44)" as Marx stated. This movie conveys that the inequality and unfair treatment between the bourgeoisie and proletariat must be corrected. Maximilian Weber, who was interest in the inequality of Marx's time, defined the class as equivalent to 'life chance' (Bendix 1977, p. 85). The differences between the classes provide value to decisions in the span of human life. The passengers of the Titanic had their destinies decided through classes. The sinking of Titanic, which combined the destiny of survivors with the deceased, proves resolutely that 'class' is indeed, 'life chance'.

References
Bendix, R. 1977, Max Weber: An Intellectual Portrait, University of California Press, Berkeley.

Berger, A. A. 1982, Media Analysis Techniques, Sage Publications, Beverley Hills.

Marx, K. & Engels, E. 1848, 'Bourgeois and Proletarians', Manifesto of the Communist Party, viewed 1 April 2008, <http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/>.

Morrow, R. A. & Torres, C. A. 1995, Social Theory and Education: A Critique of Theories of Social and Cultural Reproduction, State University of New York Press, Albany.

Bibliography
Kappelman, T. 1998, Titanic: A Critical Appraisal, viewed 1 April 2008, <http://www.leaderu.com/orgs/probe/docs/titanic.html>.

Phillips, D. W. 2007, The Titanic Numbers Games, viewed 1 April 2008, <http://www.titanicsociety.com/readables/main/articles_04-20-1998_titanic_numbers_game.asp>.

Wikipedia 2008, Class conflict, viewed 1 April 2008, <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_conflict>.

Wikipedia 2008, Marxism, viewed 1 April 2008, <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism>.

Wikipedia 2008, Max Weber, viewed 1 April 2008, <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber>.

Workers World 2008, Marx and 'Titanic', viewed 1 April 2008, <http://www.workers.org/ww/1998/titanic0101.php>.

Earth Hour 2008

2008-03-28T18:37:00.028+11:00

See your world in a whole new light

What
Earth Hour is the time to show that

it is possible to take action on global warming

How
Turn off all lights

When
8 - 9pm, Saturday, March 29, 2008

Where
Everywhere on earth

Who
All people on earth

Why
To send a powerful message that the people

of the world care about the future of the planet

The Family of Four with a Pet

2008-03-25T22:29:00.011+11:00

One father, one mother, two children and one pet

These members could make the ideal composition of a family. However, if some family doesn't have these members, the family is NOT the ideal?

Although this is one picture, it would make some sensitive issue. This picture seems to be drawn by the hand in order to contact with children's eyes, but some children who don't have this composition would think there is something strange about their family - what missing or adding.

The term 'ideal' is probably derived from the common sense recognising as perfection, but should consider that the common sense isn't always the best before using it.

The First Step for the Good Presentation

2008-03-21T00:44:00.011+11:00

"They hear and they forget.

They see and they remember.

They do and they learn."

It may be difficult to define what the good presentation is. But almost people who have experienced could remember which presentation was good or bad.

Well, let's go back to the first presentation! Even though each one has each problem, the same thing everyone agrees is what we have always forgotten is what we have already known.

Now, it is time to move on your good presentation with the first step, audience involvement.

The Introduction of iPod nano in 2005

2008-03-18T00:03:00.001+11:00

This presentation has still impressed me when Steve took iPod nano out of his pocket. It could compare with the scene, someone kept off the skull, in the beginning of the Terminator 2: Judgment Day.

Good Job, Steve Jobs!

Semiotics and LG Air Conditioner Advertisement

2008-03-17T18:01:00.009+11:00

Ferdinand de Saussure (1857 – 1913), the father of modern linguistics, stated "language is made up of signs (like words) which communicate meanings and that all kinds of other things which communicate meanings could potentially be studied in the same way as linguistic signs" (Bignell 1997, p. 5). In his view, the linguistic sign is arbitrary. That means the linguistic sign has no connection and is related to other arbitrary signs. Bignell (1997, p. 8) explains this arbitrariness as each linguistic sign has a particular position in the structure of language (langue) and the elements of real expression - speech or writing (parole) - work in the structure. From these ideas, the 'chess', for example, is composed of two elements. One is "the system of rules and conventions called chess" and the other one is "the particular moves made in an actual game of chess" (Bignell 1997, p. 8).

Through his best-known book, Course in General Linguistics (1915), he also demonstrated that language could be analysed as a formal system of elements, including the notion of the linguistic sign, the signifier, the signified, and the referent. According to Bignell (1997, pp. 11-12), the 'signifier' is the vehicle which expresses the sign, the 'signified' is the concept which the signifier represents, and the 'referent' is the actual things which signs refer to. For example, the word 'open' (sign) on a shop door is expressed by the letters (signifier) 'o', 'p', 'e', and 'n'. These letters call up the concept (signified) that the shop is open for business, and then the real markets (referent) can be imaged (Chandler 2006, para. 5).

However, these elements could not be always recognised the same consequence between writer and reader. According to Fiske (1990, p. 85), there is "meaning as being a process of negotiation" in the signs. Thus, "the fact that the same sentence" may not convey the same meaning to every reader in different situations or experiences. This idea was analysed by Roland Barthes. In Barthes's theory, "the idea of two orders of signification", denotation and connotation; Denotation is description of obvious meaning of the sigh from referring to the common-sense. Connotation is the interaction that occurs when the sign meets the feelings or emotions of the users and the values of their culture (Fiske 1990, pp. 85-86). Barthes (1977, pp, 15-31, 32-51) argued that "in photography connotation can be (analytically) distinguished from denotation". As Fiske (1990, p. 86) puts it "denotation is what is photographed, connotation is how it is photographed".

One of the LG air conditioner advertisements is here as an example of these two orders of signification.

In the left of the image is a man, standing outside, wearing an overcoat with a hood and holding what appears to be a bar. In the right of the image, behind the man, there is a small round house built from blocks of hard snow. The man is surrounded by what appears to be cold area.

The man is depicted in the materials of the circumstance of the area with snow, which suggests a strong connection between them. The man is wearing an overcoat with a hood, which protects him from the cold, and covered with snow, as he is in the very cold area. He is holding a bar, which from the length of his forehead, it is recognised his instrument as weapon. The way that he holds the bar, with in an upright position, suggesting he defends his possession against something. This idea is supported by his strong and steady face in the hood, suggesting he has nothing to change his mind to protect it. The small round house on the area covered with snow, reinforces this reading, with the house built from blocks of hard snow and the cobalt-blue sky conveying the idea that the area is very cold – could be the world's coldest area, and the house is realised as his possession.

The text at the top of the advertisement seems to bring not relative words; LG has an air conditioner for everyone, with the man and house, but the next text under the text at top, Well, almost, brings the conclusion of this idea, additionally text, No. 1 with stars at the bottom of the advertisement. The strong faced man, the house, and the connoted meanings all together to convey the message that LG’s market areas of air conditioner are world widely spread - well, almost - and LG may also has an air conditioner for the man who lives in the world's coldest area. However, by his pride, as he does not need an air conditioner, LG has air conditioners for 'almost' people. Moreover, these elements are associated with the circumstance to operate the air conditioner; the hot climate needs the air conditioner and makes people want something cool and desire to live where the man live in.

References
Barthes, R. 1977, Image-Music-Text, Fontana, London.

Bignell, J. 1997, Media Semiotics: An Introduction, Manchester University Press, Manchester.

Chandler, D. 2006, 'Signs', Semiotics for Beginners, University of Wales, Aberystwyth, viewed 17 March 2008, <http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Documents/S4B/>.

Fiske, J. 1990, Introduction to Communication Studies, 2nd edn, Routledge, London.

Knockin' on Toilet Door

2008-03-15T20:04:00.013+11:00

In this film, Knockin' on Toilet Door, a young man has been waiting for a long time - 2 years - to use his toilet, because his girlfriend has been using it. During the waiting time, he has to use other toilets, neighbours' or friends' one. He, who can't always expect when he needs to go to the toilet, has knocked at the toilet door and asked her everyday to come out of the toilet. However, he can get only her reply, "Maybe tomorrow".

This story doesn't make any sense?
Oh, should add "Inspired by a True Story: Woman Sat on Toilet for 2 Years".

He is not legend now.

2008-03-13T05:14:00.029+11:00

The conclusion of movies is the most important scene. It is something their audience remember as long as they can do it. Some of movies which attracted so much before showing made the audience disappointed because of nonsense ending rather than its whole story.

Here, there is an evidence why ending of a movie is the most important. One of the movies in 2007, I am legend, had attracted many audience since before showing. Because its original story has come from the famous novel of the same name in 1954, but many audience disappointed. Even though they expected better story work rather than the novel's one, visual expectations also affected to them.

However, the filmmakers made a decision to alternate their ending. This alternative ending is close to the original novel. Moreover, people, who want to keep this movie as a DVD at their own shelf, will be able to do from 18 March, 2008.

All right, just watch the alternative ending, if it is no problem to know it.

Now, we are not alone, he is also not legend anymore.

Help me improve!

2008-03-09T00:21:00.010+11:00

Dear visitor,
I would be happy to hear your opinion about the blog.

What is good, what can be better?

Please write down your thoughts.

They will help me improve.

Blog Manager

Questions about bats in the tree

2008-03-07T21:55:00.013+11:00

Hey, you guys! What are you doing?

Have you heard that you guys like at night and take a rest in the cave?

What is the knowledge about bats?

What do you think who you are, fruits on the tree?

Royal Botanic Gardens, NSW, Australia

Secret Sunshine

2008-03-04T23:34:00.034+11:00

Although a film poster is normally composed of one shot, it could tell us what happening in their film.

Secret Sunshine is a South Korean film in 2007 directed by Lee Chang-dong. The story is focused on a woman suffering from the death of her husband and child. Through the story, the director talks about forgiveness and crime in terms of the essence of religion.

In the film, a woman, Sin-ae (Jeon Do-yeon, won the best actress at 2007 Cannes Film Festival) moves with her child to a small town called Milyang (the original sound of Secret Sunshine), where her husband was born, after the death of her husband. She tries to live at the town as a place of new life with her child, but she is fallen in the depths of despair by the death of her child after kidnapping. She starts to go to the church to overcome her sorrow and have the faith in God. However, she is angered at the privilege of forgiveness and falls into the religious dilemma, and then struggles with God.

One of the posters of this film shows the story that seems to be a love. A woman who cries is sitting on the ground. A man who clasps an umbrella is also sitting behind the woman. And sunshine is lighting the street they are sitting.

These elements could convey the relation between God and humans. A woman who exclaims with anger is averting from sunshine at the bounds of human being. A man who takes the shield helping to avoid sunshine is waiting for her to get her love as human nature. And God looks after them through the subtle light of sunshine.

TIME

2008-02-27T23:23:00.009+11:00

Has TIME been invented or did it already exist? TIME has controlled everything, also its self has been controlled by TIME.

TIME is around us - over head, on our shoulders, and wrists.

How can we know 4 o'clock without clocks? At that moment, TIME cannot be defined and does not exist, even though TIME is still there.

Oh, just late by 4 minutes!

aM_i_a_Player3 [Online Version]

2008-01-18T11:00:00.000+11:00

www.jyhwang.com/newsletter

aM_i_a_Player3 [Printed Version]

2008-01-18T09:05:00.000+11:00

Communication: Positive Effects of New Technology in the Workplace

2008-01-17T14:29:00.000+11:00

The most recent century has seen rapid change occur more frequently than ever before, especially in 'style of living', due to technological developments. These developments obviously have the aim of making lives better, simultaneously bringing better producing environments to the workplace. Many companies use modern technologies to develop their productive capacity. This means that technological advance improves the quality and quantity of products, affecting staff communication within organisations. This essay will demonstrate that the introduction of new technologies makes communication within organisations, easy and effective.

It has been argued that new technologies such as blogging, instant messaging, Pod casting and streaming media have negative effects rather than develop productive environments. According to Crainer and Dearlove (2004, p. 24), dealing with e-mail requires approximately one hour and forty-seven minutes a day by the average U.S. employee. "It is funny that in an age when e-mail has become such a dominant form of communication, people are writing more than they ever have", Jeff Skoll, eBay president said. He also describes many managers using at least two hours per day answering e-mail at work (Crainer & Dearlove 2004, p. 24). Resulting henceforth is that "the use of electronic communication makes it hard to build a strong culture and develop solid working relationships, and create a mutually supportive atmosphere of trust and cooperation", having replaced traditional communication methods, such as face-to-face meetings and conversations (Davidson & Griffin 2006, p. 602).

Irrespective, these results are a by-product wherewith technology brings more effective and desirable outcomes. Many companies require further developed technologies to improve their workplace. Technology has the potential to mend less-desirable outcomes, continually increasing productivity.

Employees, namely new employees, prefer to use new technologies that reflect their traditional communication methods, in the workplace. According to Parsons and Groh (2006, p. 57), employees' learning styles have become short, simple and personalised in easy and quick environments of education for the workplace. Through their changed styles, most new technologies focus development on quick response, now a common feature of new technologies. The younger generations have been titled the new employees, coming with the move from the "passive" or "pushing" communications to the "active" or "pulling" communications (Goman 2006, p. 8). Moreover, through the new communication methods, employees in a negative emotional state (a bad mood) may turn away from the work at-hand to socially communicate with staff (Eastin et al 2007, p. 436).

Technological developments in the workplace, offers beneficially so, easier communication methods. Even though there are less-desirable effects, for example writing shortcuts of words from please to pls, it is clearly defined that when technologies combine with fundamental tools, such as writing skills, new technologies become more effective, persuasive and powerful as communication methods. An illustration of this is a well-written e-mail, because it is "has numerous other positive attributes, including its ability to be sorted, archived, indexed, and so on" (Crainer & Dearlove 2004, pp. 23 & 26). As such, technology provides the best way to reach, educate, and motivate employees, whether it come through development or more widely introducing current technologies (Parsons & Groh 2006, p. 60).

New technologies can help interaction between employers and employees. As mentioned already, a quick-response is a vital element in producing better quality and quantity products. Parsons and Groh (2006, p. 60) also state that new technologies allow for gathering immediate feedback, connecting with the organisations, and learning about employee desires through interactive tools like blogging, instant messaging, podcasting and streaming media. In addition, it is now the general trend that the employer-employee arrangement is closely connected to the current workforce climate, the overall economy, and generally the events of the generation's formative years (Goman 2006, p. 8).

To conclude, using new technologies to communicate with staff in the workplace is now a natural trend and must be further implemented. Although there are negative effects at the introduction of new technologies, employees prefer new technologies, because they provide and expand friendly communication methods which they are already accustomed to use. In addition, through its strength and effectiveness, employees can work more comfortable and easily. More effective producing systems does technological advance bring to employers. New technologies and technological advance provide positive effects in communication for employees, likewise its affect on employers.

References
Crainer, S. & Dearlove, D. 2004, 'Making Yourself Understood', Across the Board, May/June 2004, pp. 23-27.

Davidson, P. & Griffin, R.W. 2006, 'Managing Interpersonal Relations and Communication', Management, John Wiley & Sons Australia, Milton, pp. 590-608.

Eastin, M.S., Glynn, C.J. & Griffiths, R.P. 2007, 'Psychology of Communication Technology Use in the Workplace', Cyber Psychology & Behavior, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 436-443.

Goman, C.K. 2006, 'Communication for a New Age', Strategic Communication Management, August/September 2006, pp. 8-9.

Parsons, A. & Groh, K. 2006, 'The New Road to Effective Communications', Compensation and Benefits Review, July/August 2006, pp. 57-64.

The Relationships between Governments and Media of South Korea and the United States of America

2008-01-16T19:52:00.001+11:00

Introduction
The media is known to be a link between the government and the public. Both try to take the media on their domains in order to be more powerful. All governments seek to control the media and all countries impose restrictions on freedom of speech (Minehan 2007). However, they have been many instances where the public have played a major role in influencing the media against the government.

This essay will analyse the case studies between the two countries of South Korea and the United States of America. These case studies will briefly demonstrate the relationship between the governments and the media of the two respective countries.

South Korea
During the 2002 FIFA World Cup Korea/Japan, two Korean middle school girls were killed by A US military AVLM (Armoured Vehicle Launched Mine Clearing Line Charge) on 13 June in Uijeongbu, South Korea.

The Incident Made by the United States Military in South Korea
According to Ray (2002, para. 1), the two girls, named Mi-Sun Shim and Hyo-Soon Shin, who were close friends since early, were walking on the right side of the country road on the local election day. Tracked vehicles normally travel 50-100 meters apart. The AVLM that squashed the girls was the third vehicle in the convoy. An AVLM has a crew of two: a commander and a driver. The former has a wide view and guides the latter, whose view is restricted to the front and the left side. The driver claimed that he did not see the girls who were on his right.

Normally, the commander should have warned the driver of the time because of the curving uphill slope. At the time, a convoy of armoured cars called Bradley came toward the AVLMs from the opposite direction. Bradley machines are 3.6 meters wide. AVLMs are 3.67 meters wide. And the lane is only 3.4 meters wide. The vehicles swerved away to avoid head-on collection. The killer AVLM swerved to the right to the edge of road which was a sharp drop. The girls saw the Bradley coming in the opposite direction and overed their ears to muffle the Bradley engine noise. However, they could not hear the noise coming from the AVLM bearing down on them. The AVLM commander saw the girls and shouted STOP three times but the driver did not hear him because of a faulty earphone. The AVLM swerved out to squash the girls to death.

The US Military with SOFA (Status-of-Forces Agreement)
Status-of-forces agreements play a vital role in preserving command authority, guaranteeing fair treatment of individual service members, and conserving scarce resources. More importantly, SOFAs deal with civil and criminal jurisdiction. They are a vital means by which the Department of Defence carries out its policy directive "to protect, to the maximum extent possible, the rights of United States personnel who may be subject to criminal trial by foreign courts and imprisonment in foreign prisons" (Global Security 2008).

It may be that SOFA itself is fair and equal - but the truth of the matter is that the Korean lawmen have been shy on taking US military personnel to courts of law. No US military personnel who have committed a crime against Koreans have ever been tried in a Korean court. In the case of the murder of the girls, the Korean prosecutors asked the US military for the right to try the guilty GIs in a Korean court of law, which was rejected by the US military. This was the first time that the Koreans have asked, although half-heartedly and ineptly, to try US military personnel who had committed a crime while on duty.

Sensing belatedly the seriousness of the Korean people's anger at the acquittal of the US Military involved in the death of the girls, Dae-Jung Kim, Korean President at that time, had instructed his lame-duck cabinet to do something to stem the anti-US sentiment sweeping South Korea. Many people suspected that Kim was merely going through the motion in order to look ‘presidential’ and that his heart was with the US military, not with the Korean people. More specifically, Kim instructed his cabinet ministers to come out with ideas to change SOFA so as to placate the Korean people, most of whom deem SOFA humiliatingly one-sided (Kimsoft.com 2002, para. 1).

Anti-America Sentiment, Official Apology and Not-Guilty Verdict
The media through newspapers and television only delivered general information and updates about this incident. They did not want to be a reason of the government's immediately concerns with the 2002 FIFA World Cup going on. However, the public did not forget this occurrence. Five months following the girls’ death, the bubbling anger lead to massive protests by the public. Free media, such as the Internet played a major role in the communication between the citizens. Anti-America sentiment had mounted as a result. Around 100 protesters rallied in front of Camp Casey, a US military base in Uijeongbu, as the US military court opened the trial of one of the two US soldiers who were in charge of the vehicle (AFP 2002). In addition, military commander Lieutenant General Charles Campbell repeated the US military's apology over the deaths, but defended its legal system. "I want again to express my sincere apology and deepest sympathy to the families of Mi-Sun Shim and Hyo-Soon Shin. This was a tragic loss of life and we are deeply sorry," he said in a statement. "Taken together, the verdicts in the two trials that were rendered by two different impartial panels indicate that what occurred was a tragic accident without criminal culpability". The South Korean government had asked for jurisdiction in the case, but the US refused. South Korea's Justice Ministry said it was "dissatisfied" by the verdict but respected the US process (BBC 2002).

The United States of America
The Virginia Tech Massacre
Seung-Hui Cho, a 23-year-old South Korean national arrived in The United States of America at age of eight with his family. Although he was not granted the citizenship status he was granted permanent residency. Furthermore, he was diagnosed with a severe form of an anxiety disorder known as selective mutism in middle school, as well as depression (Wikipedia.org – search term Seung-Hui Cho).

On 16 April 2007, Cho made the deadliest school shooting in US history. He used two firearms during the attacks: a small-bore. 22-caliber Walther P22 semi-automatic handgun and a 9 mm semi-automatic Glock 19 handgun. The shootings occurred in separate incidents, with the first at West Ambler Johnston Hall and the second at Norris Hall. During the two attacks, he killed five faculty members and 27 students and wounded many more. Eleven students died in an intermediate French language class in Norris Room 211. Nine students died in an advanced hydrology class in Room 206. Four students died in an elementary German language class in Room 207. One student died in a solid mechanics class in Room 204. Two students died from the earlier attack in West Ambler Johnston. The Virginia Tech review panel reported that Cho's gunshots wounded 17 other people; 6 more were injured when they jumped from second-story windows to escape (Wikipedia. org – search term Virginia Tech massacre).

South Korean Response
When the citizenship of him became known, most South Koreans were shocked and expressed a sense of public shame. The day after the massacre, South Korea's ambassador to the United States, Tae-Shik Lee, spoke at a candlelight vigil organized by Korean churches. Through tears, Lee suggested the Korean-American community needed to "repent" and volunteered to lead a 32-day fast, one day for each victim. "On the occasion of this shocking incident, the Korean community needs to reflect on itself and take it as an opportunity to incorporate itself with the mainstream of American society", Lee said (Siegel 2007). In addition, the South Korean Cabinet convened an emergency meeting to consider possible consequences, and the South Korean President, Moo-Hyun Roh sent condolence messages to the United States and expressed sorrow that "It was shocked beyond description again over the fact that the tragic incident was caused by a South Korean native who has permanent residency" in the U.S., The Associated Press reported (Sohn 2007). Some Korean-Americans criticised the fasting proposal, saying that it directed undue and irrelevant attention on Cho's ethnicity and not other, more salient, reasons behind the shooting. News reports noted that South Koreans seemed relieved that American news coverage of Cho focused on his psychological problems (Wikipedia. org – search term Virginia Tech massacre).

Conclusion
Through the about case studies of the relationships between governments and media of South Korea and the United States of America, one can notice the difference between the two countries.

In my opinion, the South Korean government has been extremely passive to respect to the killings by officials of a foreign government. I would also believe that the South Korean government is still influenced by the United States of America. In contrast, the shootings by the South Korean national created massive public and media uproar in the United States of America, which made the Korean government, express their deep regret.

Bibliography
'Bush effigy burned as US troops stand trial for girls' death' 2002, AFP, 18 November.

GlobalSecurity.org 2008, 'Status-of-Forces Agreement [SOFA]', viewed 16 January 2008, <http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/facility/sofa.htm>.

Kimsoft.com 2002, 'US military personnel commit more than 600 crimes a year in Korea', viewed 16 January 2008, <http://www.kimsoft.com/2002/us_sofa.htm>.

'Korean anger as US soldiers cleared' 2002, BBC, 22 November.

Minehan, M. 2007, COMM 218 Class Lecture Notes.

Ray J.C. 2002, 'How Two Korean Girls Were Killed by Americans - The Basic Facts', viewed 16 January 2008, <http://www.kimsoft.com/2002/how_two_korean_girls_were_killed.htm>.

Siegel, J. 2007, 'Massacre Triggers Korean Soul-Searching', Forward Association, 27 April, viewed 16 January 2008, <http://www.forward.com/articles/10597/>.

Sohn, J.A. 2007, 'South Korea Shocked by U.S. Shooting Link', CNN, 18 April, viewed 16 January 2008, <http://edition.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/asiapcf/04/17/vatech.seoul/index.html>.

Wikipedia.org 2008, 'Seung-Hui Cho', viewed 16 January 2008, <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seung-Hui_Cho>.

Wikipedia.org 2008, 'Virginia Tech massacre', viewed 16 January 2008, <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Tech_massacre>.

The recipe of BUL GO GI

2008-01-12T16:32:00.000+11:00

Ingredients

* Beef(sirloin) 600g

* Sauces:

- Soy sauce : 4 table spoons

- Honey: 2 table spoons
- Minced green onion: 4 table spoons
- Minced garlic: 2 table spoons
- Sesame: 1 table spoon
- Black pepper: 1/2 tea spoon
- Red wine: 5 table spoons
* 2 green onions
* 1/2 onion
* mushrooms
* 2 tea spoons sesame oil

Instructions
1. Slice the beef and chop it
2. Slice the onion and green onions and mushrooms
3. Make sauce
4. Mix all of this with your hands
5. Put it in the refrigerator for one hour
6. Please ready big wok or frying pan and sesame oil
7. Roast that beef and all the ingredients

Mother of Feminism, Mary Wollstonecraft

2008-01-08T18:56:00.000+11:00

"Women's rights" is no longer a strange term in these days. Even though it continues to develop in many parts of modern society, it has been accepted more than it was previously. Acceptance of "Women's rights" with its serious considerations and activities has developed considerably in the twentieth century. Within the span of human history before that time, women did not belong to the category of human beings. Women, who were as men's possessions, did not have any rights of politics or finance. Women in that time belonged within men's boundary. Assertion of women's rights by women was treated as madness. Men, even though with progressive ideas, like John Locke, shared the same view regarding women's matters.

Mary Wollstonecraft was the first woman who claimed that women are also humans having rights like men.

Mary Wollstonecraft's Life
'Mother of feminism', Mary Wollstonecraft was born on 27 April 1759 in London and died on 10 September 1797 in London. Wollstonecraft was a writer, philosopher and feminist in the eighteenth century British Enlightenment. She also wrote novels, treatises, a travel narrative, a history of the French Revolution, a conduct book and a children's book.

Her early life influenced her future activities. Young Wollstonecraft grew up with her father, Edward John Wollstonecraft, who physically abused his wife. In those times, the meaning of wife was not an equal human being with her husband. Woman was the husband's property. For this reason, Wollstonecraft's mother was obliged to live with her husband. One of Wollstonecraft's sisters, Eliza, got married while young to escape her family, but failed in married life and became a mentally deranged person. Moreover, the sister suffered social condemnation and subsequently could not remarry, being doomed to a life of poverty and hard work.

Mary Wollstonecraft recognised that women must have the right to live as no men's possessions when she was a private tutor for an upper class family. Even though the upper class people possessed political and financial power, they thought that women were just like men's accessories, without personal rights. In that time, irrespective of social rank, women of society were treated as sexual objects, housekeepers and child breeders, being allowed to learn only of being these. Wollstonecraft insisted that educational inequality must be destroyed and women needed education to get back women's rights and equality through equal opportunity in education for men and women.

In the period which gave birth to the French Revolution, human rights were regarded as a significant concern. Mary Wollstonecraft published books which expressed concepts of women's rights, then coming to Paris- the mecca for development of human rights generally- she broadened her knowledge through argument and companionship with the intellectuals. At that time she met a man, Gilbert Imlay, an American adventurer. She fell in love with him but their relationship ended, leaving Wollstonecraft pregnant. Men leaving women while pregnant was not a matter of taboo at the time. However, such occurrences in conjunction with societal status, dealt a harsh blow to women. Mary Wollstonecraft was deserted with Imlay's baby. After returning to London, she tried to kill herself at the River Thames. Wollstonecraft was not to die that day, soon after entering deeply into the study of inequality and issues of love between men and women.

Mary Wollstonecraft met with William Godwin, an anarchist, who had friendly feelings towards her. Godwin consoled her, suggesting a rectified approach to relationships between men and women, henceforth the pair themselves, as equal human beings. They wed, both continuing to dwell separately, not interfering with each other's work. After their marriage, they continued to respect each other's personality and individuality.

Wollstonecraft died of septicaemia on 10 September 1797, 10 days after giving birth to her second daughter, Mary. However, her thoughts regarding women's rights were handed down to her daughters. Her first daughter, Fanny, kept company with George Gordon Byron, an English poet and a leading figure in Romanticism, all her life. The second daughter, Mary, was the author of Frankenstein, a novel infused with elements of a Gothic nature and the Romantic Movement.

The Eighteenth Century
During the eighteenth century, in Britain, women were separated in 'function' and disposition from that of men. Separations occurred in both public and private domains. Men developed progressively in the public area while women stayed home, functioning as a support for their husbands, personifying a pure heart for the private domain. Through such imposed character functions, women were not independent human beings. Women were relative beings defined by their relationship to others. Moreover, women required their virginal purity, deviation from the expected purity being cruelly judged, where not so with men. As such, two distinctions in judging of sexual standards were reinforced and amplified in the societal psyche.

Marriage was a purpose of life for women, but by law it meant an end to a life of individual decision. Women's rights were limited. Women could not sign any contracts, institute any lawsuit or leave a personal will. Even though one's "home" was the private area of a woman as wife, the financial rights in the home were dominated by the husband. All property, income and children were also a husband's possessions.

In the late eighteenth century, the French Revolution brought many changes for women. Women's participation in the Revolution was unique and unprecedented, being involved individually and in combination with men more than ever before. Women became members of political clubs and established clubs of their own. In addition, women's ideals about rights were publicised, notably For the Admission to the Rights of Citizenship for Women (1790) by Marquis de Condorcet, Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen (1791) by Olympe de Gouges, and A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792) by Mary Wollstonecraft.

Hyena in Petticoats
In Europe, the eighteenth century, there was a movement to recover human rights from the aristocratic class. Many people of progressive ideas published personal theories to accomplish the aim. The public supported these approaches, subsequently diffusing throughout the world. However, Wollstonecraft's book was not supported by the general public, being innovative thought at the time; few people then thought that women and men were equals. Furthermore, two of the most progressive thinkers, John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, also thought that women were naturally weaker than men, and as such women are never equal to men. Her ideas were truly revolutionary. One critic described Wollstonecraft as a "Hyena in Petticoats".

Wollstonecraft did not express thoughts as combatively as the French supporters of women's rights, such as Marquis de Condorcet and Olympe de Gouges. Her ideas focused on which women were not treated reasonably, being human beings in the society. Moreover, she claimed that both men and women were equal human beings and denying women equal rights treat them as worthless.

A Vindication of the Rights of Woman
One of her major books, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), presents a kind of report analysing sexual differences between men and women within each historical age. The book arranged well her argument, explaining the rights of men and the rights of women to be one and the same thing, stating that to obtain social equality, society must rid itself of the monarchist, church and military hierarchies (Simkin 1997, para. 7). The aim of this book was that women must be recognised as sharing with men the capacity and right to be regarded as autonomous beings, entitled to recognition as citizens in the civic sphere (Caine 1997, p. 24). This was conveyed as her main point, decidedly more important than specifically women's participation in politics the same as men. In addition, she emphasised that "Till women are more rationally educated, the progress in human virtue and improvement in knowledge must receive continual checks" (Wollstonecraft 1792, Ch. 3), and the young women they tried to teach had already been effectively enslaved by their social training in subordination to men (Kemerling 2006, para. 1).

"It would be an endless task to trace the variety of meanness, cares, and sorrows, into which women are plunged by the prevailing opinion that they were created rather to feel than reason, and that all the power they obtain, must be obtained by their charms and weakness" (Wollstonecraft 1792, Ch. 4).

The First Feminist
Through the French Revolution, liberalists declared that all human beings were considered to be equal, but all equal beings did not include women. Women had recognised their own rights since the French Revolution. In this historical background, Mary Wollstonecraft's book, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), became the first declaration of feminism in Britain and the United States of America. This book is still very important, because it proclaimed women's rights, namely suffrage, education, occupation, whilst directing the Enlightenment campaign towards the realization of women's rights. This book can be defined as the beginning of feminism. As such, it can be said that the history of feminism spans 200 years, however, Wollstonecraft herself would never have referred to her text as feminist because the words feminist and feminism were not coined until the 1890s. Moreover, there was no feminist movement to speak of during Wollstonecraft's lifetime. According to Caine (1997, p. 24), a new dimension to political theory means stretching the liberal temperament so as to incorporate into political thinking explicit concern for the quality of personal relations and day-to-day conditions of the ordinary citizens. Although Wollstonecraft enunciated that women's independence in finance had to be reinstated from the hold of men, she did not suggest any substantial ways to implement this. However, she assisted in helping women achieve a better life, not only for themselves and for their children, but also for their husbands (Kreis 2004, para. 9).

In the late twentieth century, many books evaluating Mary Wollstonecraft were published when women's rights were reassessed more than ever before, namely One Woman's "Situation" (1970) by Margaret George, Mary Wollstonecraft (1972) by Eleanor Flexner, and The Life and Death of Mary Wollstonecraft (1974) by Claire Tomalin. Interpretation of success aside, she remains the first feminist, having prepared the theory and paving the way of feminism.

... To represent women's hopes of a society free from misogyny and sexual injustice. However distant her ideas and imaginings may be from feminist thinking of the present -- very distant indeed in some cases.… -- as a symbol of what remains to be achieved. Mary Wollstonecraft remains as vital and necessary a presence today as she was in the 1700's… (Taylor 2003, p. 253).

Bibliography
Caine, B. 1997, English Feminism, 1780-1980, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
── This book organised well the history of feminism for 200 years. Also conveyed in this text was a chronological history of feminists. This allowed for an understanding of feminism which connected feminism and social histories.

Kemerling, G. 2006, 'Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797)', viewed 8 January 2008, <http://www.philosophypages.com/ph/woll.htm>.
── Records of Wollstonecraft's two daughters’ were provided this text.

Kreis, S. 2004, 'Mary Wollstonecraft, 1759-1797', The History Guide, viewed 8 January 2008, <http://www.historyguide.org/intellect/wollstonecraft.html>.
── Wollstonecraft's early life with her sister Eliza is referenced in this text. This provided her background and an understanding of how it affected her later activities.

Simkin J. 1997, 'Mary Wollstonecraft', Spartacus Educational, viewed 8 January 2008, <http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Wwollstonecraft.htm>.
── Summarised well her major book, A Vindication of the Rights of Women. Also described simply how her book was received at that time.

Taylor, B. 2003, Mary Wollstonecraft and the Feminist Imagination, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
── Wollstonecraft's reputation at that time is contained within, additional to presenting her inspiration for other feminists.

Tims, M. 1976, Mary Wollstonecraft, Millington Books Ltd, London.
── This book contains Wollstonecraft's life in details, focusing on the meaning of her activities as a social pioneer.

Wikipedia 2007, 'Mary Wollstonecraft', viewed 8 January 2008, <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft>.
── This text in the Internet was very helpful to understand general information about Wollstonecraft, providing useful links to further informative texts.

Wollstonecraft, M. 1792, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman: with Strictures on Political and Moral Subjects, London.
── Wollstonecraft's ideas are directly expressed through this book. This helps to recognise how women were treated at her time.

Bondi Beach

2007-12-26T19:36:00.000+11:00

Bondi Beach, New South Wales, Australia

'Genome Project' Trailer

2007-12-18T01:22:00.002+11:00

U3 with Blue Light

2007-12-17T16:24:00.001+11:00

U3

2007-12-15T03:42:00.000+11:00

The Bourne Series

2007-12-13T14:13:00.000+11:00

Watching movie may be one of the popular hobbies to the public. The film as an art field may be more popular than other fields because of its expression ability. By unlimited this ability with technological development, film genres have varied. This variability could be from destruction and combination of ideas of this art. Spy film is one of the popular genres; it is generally a sub-genre of action and thriller film. The one spy film series in this essay is Jason Bourne films which is composed of three films, The Bourne Identity (2002), The Bourne Supremacy (2004), and The Bourne Ultimatum (2007). This essay will discuss identification, description and ideological perspectives of this series.

The Jason Bourne film series is adapted by Robert Ludlum's novels. In beginning of this series, Jason Bourne was found by fishermen on a boat but he did not know his name, and he also had uncompleted memory of his past. During stay with fishermen, he found his extraordinary abilities, such as physical combat, fluent spoken many languages and superb at handling vehicles. However, he still had no idea of his past, and wanted to know who he was. His real name is David Webb and he had a wife and two children but they were unintentionally killed by two bombs. In addition, he was actually a special assassin for the Medusa, a top-secret and government-funded project unit of the CIA. He learned all the CIA protocols and trade-craft, which was for a fake job, and then he was deployed to various locations around the world and assassinated many people. But on a job in France, he failed his mission, and was shot in the back twice while attempting to escape. The CIA believed that he was dead, and covered all facts of the project. However, he appears out of the world. He must have died for the CIA to keep the secret. Now, they have to find and catch or kill him, and Jason Bourne also has to find truth – his identity, with a removal plan of them.

The genre of his series is action drama with thriller, and war film genre without tanks. Jason Bourne was a top-secret special agency but it is not now. Also, he has no idea about his past. Moreover, he has to find and fight truth behind the facts. Simply, this series deals about one man’s journey to find his identity. Typically, spy films treat spies who find out the political, military, or industrial secrets of enemies or rivals. Through theme of fictional espionage, these films could be divided between realistic and fantasy, so Jason Bourne series could be the realistic story. In addition, the spy film genre is involving a spy or a secret agent who has been well trained by the military with good career, and a love for own country or organisation. Also, spies usually work alone with their organisation's support and always use the state-of-the art technologies (Britton 2006, pp. 123-125).

Although Jason Bourne series is one of spy films and follows the typical plot of spy films, however, he is now not a spy, and wants to know his identity more than ever. To Jason Bourne, killing someone who tried to kill Bourne is just steps, not his purpose. That is why Jason Bourne called "a spy for the new era" (Tallerico 2007, para. 2).

There is only one option; to be us or to be them. Spy films talk about relationships of contrary positions. The positions are in the middle of their unshaken faith; protecting and keeping. Moreover, in the historical timeline, the enemies in spy films changed from secret organisations to the Soviet Union. However, after the Cold War, modern spies have fought the insiders or the Third World. The history of spy film genre is quite long. It began in the silent picture days, and it is still continued with historical context, such as the start of the First World War, and the Second World War and the Cold War (Britton 2005, pp. 219-221).

After the Cold War, spy films especially in Hollywood needed new enemies instead of Soviet Union. Secret organisations nobody knows have been dealt by this need. However, just 'cause' is often not making sense. Ironically, it is estrangement between real and what in the "film". "The action spectacle is arguably transvergent: it is defined by technology instead of culture, not only in terms of its content but also in terms of its mode of production, latterly through the use of digital special effects in particular" (Brown 2007, pp. 95-96).

Just truth and conspiracy without heroes and enemies

Jason Bourne tries to find who he was, it is not who I am. His past is probably fact to him (he also believes that his past does not belong to him, it is slanted). However, his past is the result of his choice in his life. So, where was truth and where is truth? Truth and fact are not different; it depends on his sense of responsibility, because his life must have belonged to him. In addition, the truth of others, Pamela Landy and Noah Vosen who also work for the CIA as high-class managers (they also argued about his identity) truth also belongs to them, even if they walked the same way. There were no heroes and enemies, because they did the right thing they believed. It is just point of audience's view. Moreover, everybody lost truth but nobody lost their justice. At the end of this series, Jason Bourne can know his past and truth he wanted to know, but he had to run away with real Jason Bourne as David Webb.

References

Britton, W. 2005, Beyond Bond: Spies in Fiction and Film, Praeger, London.

Britton, W. 2006, Onscreen and Undercover: The Ultimate Book of Movie Espionage, Praeger, London.

Brown, W. 2007, 'Sabotage or Espionage?', Studies in French Cinema, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 93-106.

Tallerico, B. 2007, ‘Is It James or Jason You Want in Your Corner?’, Bond vs Bourne, viewed 13 December 2007, <http://www.ugo.com/ugo/html/article/?id=17598>.

Is It Possible to Know What Happens in War Zones?

2007-12-12T15:49:00.000+11:00

The world we live is definitely not a stranger to war. From civil wars to global wars, all wars have had their own purposes and moral justification. The public also believe that those wars have had causes, because, even they have not been there, they have seen and heard what happens from the newspapers and on TV. However, there are two opposing circumstances, truth and facts, that determine whether it is possible to know what happens in war zones. This essay will discuss truth and facts of happens in war zones, focusing on three elements of governments, information and heroes.

Governments and War
Governments have used wars to win the confidence of the people. The public in democracy society can choose governments. This choice gives governments power to stay. However, how do governments gain the pubic? According to Mor (2007, p. 661), governments' half of "power politics" could be made by image-making. Image-making means the representation of government figures or the portrayal of authority, conservatism, and liberalism. On one hand, it is possible that the government put forward certain images for the sake of the people. Waging war is one of the good ways to show government's efforts for the people, and to gain public support, because of this, the public always feel uneasy when they relate about war. So, they have to believe and have faith the government's process in war. As a result, waging war may be good chance for governments to stay in power within the public; by spending money on resources, and protection for soldiers to keep safe their country and keep the peace of the world.

Information within Wars
Information within wars is limited by governments. Even though governments said that the purpose of waging wars was for the protection of the public and keep the peace, wars could be used by advantage governments. For example, there is a relationship between governments and the munitions industry, and no war means any need for the munitions industry.

There is no war without a "just" cause. To wage war, governments need the help of the other side; the 'enemy'. But, government requesting help from the enemy must convince the public that they are only the 'enemy'. However, what is the reason for establishing an enemy? An example of this was "Weapons of Mass Destruction" for Iraq War in 2003. The main reason of the Iraq War was so the U.S. government could remove these weapons, eventually creating a war; but there was no evidence of this. They did not care about just causes, because the public also did not care about it. The reasons for war changed as the enemy attacked "our soldiers". Now, the just cause is the destruction of all opposing countries, even the innocent. This gave reason for the public to change their belief about the war. How? The information the public had seen was controlled by US military with US government. War reporters could not take photographs whatever they wanted, and go wherever they wanted, because they had to stay with an army company. It seemed limited lens. The public also saw what happens in Iraq through limited lens. That was not freedom and truth of information. It was given by US military to the public. However, they believed it; because that was just one thing they could see and hear from Iraq.

"If it is on television, it must be real" (in Wag the Dog, 1997).

Heroes within Wars
Government had slanted the news about wars. This can be done through the description of a hero in war zones. One hero can influence many people. To be a hero is people's desire, also a hero must have respect by the people. For these reasons, within wars, heroes were aspects of making purpose for war by the governments. "Moreover, warriors and journalists are irreplaceable components in the structure of a constitutional republic, ensuring national security and the right of the people to know what their government is doing in their name and in their interests" (Buchanan and Press, MSNBC, April 16, 2003). Examples of this propaganda are Private Jessica Lynch and US Soldier Pat Tillman. Private Jessica Lynch was captured in an Iraqi ambush and then rescued by US special troop from an Iraqi hospital. However, the real story was that she had a vehicle accident and Iraqi doctors looked after her well. Moreover, they helped US special troops to rescue her. Another example, the case of Pat Tillman also showed government propaganda. Tillman was a football star in US match. He denied a multi-million dollar contract and then he joined the US military. Tillman was killed in Afghanistan during working military service. However, the real story of Tillman was that he had been killed by 'friendly fire'.

Conclusion
The purpose of the war was not simply removal of enemies. There were many reasons, such as the public's support and relationship between government and the munitions industry. To make governments’ side, the wars had slanted and repacked. The press was also controlled by the governments to keep the public's concerns. Governments did not want the public to know the real purpose and what happens in war zones, because there is no just cause if there is no support from the public and no staying in power. The public believe what they can see and hear what happens in war zones because it is on TV, even if truth is behind the "TV".

Bibliography

Carlson, M. 2006, 'War Journalism and the "KIA Journalist": The Cases of David Bloom and Michael Kelly', Critical Studies in Media Communication, vol. 23, no. 2, June 2006, pp. 91-111.

Dexter, G. 1941, 'The Canadian Economy in Two Wars', Foreign Affairs, vol. 19, no. 2, January 1941, pp. 442-452.

MOR, B.D. 2007, 'The Rhetoric of Public Diplomacy and Propaganda Wars: A View from Self-Presentation Theory', European Journal of Political Research, pp. 661-683.

Playdon, P. 2002, "'Under Friendly Fire": an Interview with Eve-Ann Prentice', Journalism Studies, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 267-275.

Wikipedia.org 2007, 'Jessica Lynch', viewed 12 December 2007, <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Lynch>.

Wikipedia.org 2007, 'Pat Tillman', viewed 12 December 2007, <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Tillman>.

Mary Wollstonecraft

2007-12-04T15:20:00.000+11:00

1. Biography
• 27 April 1759 in London – 10 September 1797 in London
• Writer, philosopher and feminist (British Enlightenment in 18th Century)
• She wrote novels, treatises, a travel narrative, a history of the French Revolution, a conduct book, and a children’s book.
• Key figure; Modern feminism (Western feminism's leading icon)
• Poor early life
- His father did violence to her mother.
- Her sister suffered social condemnation and, because she could not remarry, was doomed to a life of poverty and hard work (Wikipedia, para. 4).

2. Main Ideas
• The rights of man and the rights of women were one and the same thing.
- To egalitarian social philosophy as the basis for the creation and preservation of equal rights and opportunities for women.
• The young women they tried to teach had already been effectively enslaved by their social training in subordination to men (Kemerling 2006, para. 1).
• To obtain social equality society must rid itself of the monarchy as well as the church and military hierarchies (Simkin 1997, para. 7).

• Major Book
A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792)
- The first declaration of feminism
- Women are recognised as sharing with men the capacity and the right to be regarded as autonomous being, entitled to recognition as citizens in the civic sphere (Caine 1997, p. 24).
- Equal rights and opportunities for women (no attempt to deny sexual difference)
- Women are not naturally inferior to men, but appear to be only because they lack education.
- Specifically a response to the legislation which established a new system of education for boys, not for girls.

• Quotes
- "Till women are more rationally educated, the progress in human virtue and improvement in knowledge must receive continual checks" (Wollstonecraft 1792, Ch. 3)
- "It would be an endless task to trace the variety of meanness, cares, and sorrows, into which women are plunged by the prevailing opinion that they were created rather to feel than reason, and that all the power they obtain, must be obtained by their charms and weakness" (Wollstonecraft 1792, Ch. 4)

3. Wollstonecraft’s Importance
• As the founding figure of modern feminism is accorded higher recognition now than it has ever been before.
• Demanding recognition not only of Wollstonecraft's place in the history of feminism, but also in the history of political theory. – A new dimension to political theory by offering a 'means of stretching the liberal temperament to incorporate into political thinking explicit concern for the quality of personal relations and day-to-day conditions of the ordinary citizens' (Caine 1997, p. 24).

4. Impact on the society of the time
• Helping women to achieve a better life, not only for themselves and for their children, but also for their husbands (Kreis 2004, para. 9).
• Wollstonecraft herself would never have referred to her text as feminist because the words feminist and feminism were not coined until the 1890s. Moreover, there was no feminist movement to speak of during Wollstonecraft's lifetime.

5. Social Context
• French Revolution (1789) - emphasis on "Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity" of human, but not includes women.
• Since women were thought to have keener nerves than men, it was also believed that women were more emotional than men. Men were considered to be logical and decisive, where women were considered weak and hysterical.

6. Reception of Ideas (React)
• Wollstonecraft's work has had an effect on feminism outside the academy in recent years.
• Virginia Sapiro - "there is little indication that anyone who played a key role in women's history or feminism, other than Lucretia Mott, read Wollstonecraft's work seriously after her death until the twentieth century".
• Ayaan Hirsi Ali - "inspired by Mary Wollstonecraft, the pioneering feminist thinker who told women they had the same ability to reason as men did and deserved the same rights".

7. Acceptance by the media of the time
• "Hyena in Petticoats" - The ideas were truly revolutionary and caused tremendous controversy.
• Mary Wollstonecraft's views even shocked fellow radicals. Whereas advocates of parliamentary reform such as Jeremy Bentham and John Cartwright had rejected the idea of female suffrage.

8. Relevance
• One of the founding feminist philosophers
• Feminists often cite both her life and work as important influences.
• ... To represent women's hopes of a society free from misogyny and sexual injustice. However distant her ideas and imaginings may be from feminist thinking of the present -- very distant indeed in some cases.… -- as a symbol of what remains to be achieved. Mary Wollstonecraft remains as vital and necessary a presence today as she was in the 1700's… (Taylor 2003, p. 253).

References
Caine, B. 1997, English Feminism, 1780-1980, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Kemerling, G. 2006, 'Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797)', viewed 4 December 2007, <http://www.philosophypages.com/ph/woll.htm>.

Kreis, S. 2004, 'Mary Wollstonecraft, 1759-1797', The History Guide, viewed 4 December 2007, <http://www.historyguide.org/intellect/wollstonecraft.html>.

Simkin J. 1997, 'Mary Wollstonecraft', Spartacus Educational, viewed 4 December 2007, <http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Wwollstonecraft.htm>.

Taylor, B. 2003, Mary Wollstonecraft and the Feminist Imagination, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Wikipedia 2007, 'Early Life', Mary Wollstonecraft, viewed 4 December 2007, <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft>.

Wollstonecraft, M. 1792, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman: with Strictures on Political and Moral Subjects, London.

Newsletter: aM i a Player3

2007-11-23T16:22:00.000+11:00

1. Topic
The topic of this project for newsletter composed of print and online version is MP3 players. This newsletter will be named "aM i a Player3 (Am I a player?)" that could emphasise the main word, MP3. The newsletter will convey new movements and information about new MP3 player products and purchasing prices.

2. Goals
The purpose of this project is to provide useful information by print and online method. One in 10 U.S. adults, about 22 million people, has a MP3 player (Ranger 2005, para. 1). Even though MP3 players have become popular music player, this is still recognised something difficult to enjoy the music because this requires technical environment, such as the Internet and computer. Moreover, some MP3 magazines are using technical words which are difficult to understand in their reviews. This newsletter will be easy to read and enjoy new technical issues and knowledge helping MP3 players. It will be able to be substantial purchasing guides of new MP3 products.

3. Target Market
The target market of the newsletter varies in different methods. Print version targets localised in Sydney, Australia, whereas online version targets world-wide. The global sales of MP3 players have been rapidly increasing. It had increased twice from U$ 23.10 billions in 2003 to U$ 46.60 billions in 2006. In addition, the prospect of this consumption is up to U$ 57.70 in 2008 ("I Want My MP3" 2004, p. 21). That is how the newsletter (online version) targets world-wide. However, the prices of MP3 players are different at each local market. Thus, print version (if it includes the price information) must have targeted by regional markets.
According to the Nielsen Media Research (cited in Commercial Radio Australia 2006), the age of 25-39 years is 32% of MP3 player owners and the age of 14-24 years is 41% of MP3 player owners. The survey tells us that the main users of MP3 player are posited at the age of 14-39 years (73%). As a result this age also could become the target audience of the newsletter.

4. Content
Both of the newsletters, print and online versions, convey four main contents. These contents are organised to support reader’s real acts. It could be structurally from induction of interest to making a purchase (Whitbread 2001, p. 2).

NEWS
Deliver new technical issues, such as release the high capability memory chip.

REVIEW
Examine the features of new MP3 player with images.

STORE
Recommend recently MP3 players with main specs and retail prices.

GLOSSARY
Introduce useful words about MP3, such as codec, ID3 and Ogg.

5. Design Approach
The design approach of this is designed for readers in the target market. This approach should try to communicate information easily to understand by logical order and appropriate language (Whitbread 2001, p. 3). Although the target readers are interested in the same topic, MP3 player, each reader has different experiences and knowledge. Therefore, this newsletter will use moderate words, tone and images for the target age (14-39 years) in order to cover every reader.

5.1 Print Version
No chosen newsletter is just paper, not information. The newsletter of print version should be more attractive rather than online version. Shushan et al (1991, p. 3) state that newsletter must belong to readers to satisfy that readers' needs or wants the information, and to get readers' attention. Thus, his will use strong and simple words with big size font with colourful MP3 images to be recognised that this is about MP3 and this has something I want to know about MP3 in front page.

5.2 Online Version
The merit of online version is that it can combine large amount of the information. The online version of the newsletter will conveys larger information than the print version. According to Williams (1994), elements of newsletter can connect, relate and unify with the other information by placement. Online newsletter may be the next step of the print version so this must have more specific information and arrange clearly. An example of this is 'MP3 Glossary'. The print will describe meaning of a couple of words but the online will give more describing words to readers in the website.

References
'I Want My MP3' 2004, PC Magazine, 16 November, p. 21.

'Radio, MP3 Devices and Podcasting' 2006, National Survey Results: Survey 6, Commercial Radio Australia.

Ranger, S. 2005, 'IPod and MP3 Player Ownership Soars', viewed 23 November 2007, <http://www.vnunet.com/vnunet/news/2126781/ipod-mp3-player-ownership-soars>.

Shushan, R., Wright, D. & Lewis, L. 1991, 'Effective Communication in an Information Environment', Desktop Publishing by Design, Microsoft Press, pp. 2-9.

Whitbread, D. 2001, 'What Does Design Do?', The Design Manual, UNSW Press, pp. 2-5.

Williams, R. 1994, 'The Four Basic Principles', The Non-Designer's Design Book, Peachpit Press, CA.

Wag the Dog (1997)

2007-11-19T13:44:00.001+11:00

"Wag the Dog" is a comedy movie showing relationship between politics and entertainment business.

Before 12 days of election, the United States President's sex scandal occurred with a Fine fly Girl. This affair will have a had influence upon the approval rating of the President The White House calls a spic doctor, Conrad Brean (Robert De Niro) to fix it. Brean decides making war with Albania and then he makes a deal with Hollywood’s producer, Stanley Motss (Dustin Hoffman).

Motss and his staffs produce the war from using computer graphics and making songs. The public start to believe the Albanian war. However, CIA interferes their project. Another candidate of election also demands an explanation from the sex scandal. Brean and Motss decide making a war hero, Sgt. William Schumann (Woody Harrelson) who survived in Albania and they make a song called "Old shoes". The hero and song create a sensation to the public, Finally, the President’s rating increases up to 87%.

This movie was one of the funniest movies in 1999. The director, Barry Levinson also got that his humour was still alive. This movie satirised both of two, politics and Hollywood. The Motss' house is bigger than the White House. Motss also enjoyed making them like playing game. Motss is much influenced producer who has never got any award but the White House recognised his skill to make the war.

This movie is funny. However, we are unable to laugh at ease because even though there are some funny conversations in the movie, these happenings, such as TV news, are too familiar to the real. Motss said in the movie "If it’s on television, it must be real".

They made lot of true but they just made one shoot scene (Albanian girl with a white cat), songs, and a hero. However, the public believed, and broadcasts also believed. This means politics is above the public but under the real.

Even Motss wanted to get true (truly wanted to recognise his work), he also became a part of this project. However, he can get his reputation and his works after his death. He can be both, victim and celebrity in the media.

Who is the dog? And who wag the dog? Mr Fix-it, Brean is doing well his job and Mr President does not show his face. By the way, for whom the election doing. Even though Brean's job is fixing problems in the White House, his job is faking to the public, and then the people do that re-elect the Mr President.

Actually, after showing this movie in the U.S., some events occurred, Clinton’s sex scandal called Zipper Gate and attacked a country, so this movie was like the trailer of real.

We believe that we can see truth but sometimes, it is just image that we want to believe the truth. Moreover, this is the fact everybody wants and demands that come together.

Have a look the Albania in the movie again. Everybody believed that everybody knew what happen there. However, nobody knew that.

The New Road to Effective Communications

2007-11-15T13:16:00.000+11:00

In the article "The New Road to Effective Communications" (Parsons and Groh 2006), the authors argue the effects of new techniques for communications, especially between employers and employees.

According to the authors, there are five reasons proving that Human Resource communication strategies and procedures are failing today. Firstly is the changing of learning styles in the workforce. Today's environment requires short, simple and personalised messages to employees. Secondly, Human Resource programs with benefits and compensation have become too complicated. Thirdly, there is competition between Human Resource communications and other messages. Fourthly, new techniques, such as podcasts and instant messaging, are being used to gather employees' attention. However, these are not used for benefits communication. Finally, the purposes of Human Resource's communication have changed (Parsons and Groh 2006, pp. 57-58).

The authors point out that technologies, such as e-mail, teleconference, videoconference, and webcasts have shown that these are effective to reach a targeted audience and to collect immediate feedback. They also demonstrate that new technologies, such as blogs, instant messages, podcasts, and streaming media have been difined by the academic words in order to prompt their impact. An illustration of this is one of the recent studies by the University of North Carolina, "Blogs affect workplace trust, satisfaction, and commitment" (Parsons and Groh 2006, p. 60). Moreover, there are some reasons why new technologies are improving within workforces; helping connect between employees and the organisation by other means of learning and in turn, making it easier to send information.

In addition, Parsons and Groh (2006, p. 60) comment that many companies are worried about launching new technologies because answering and supporting issues is difficult. It is also accompanied by leadership support, credibility, liability, and staffing. Even these have the ability to increase the process (Parsons and Groh 2006, p. 61).

Parsons, A. & Groh, K. 2006, 'The New Road to Effective Communications', Compensation and Benefits Review, July/August 2006, pp. 57-64.

Two Websites; freemedia.at and amnesty.org

2007-11-14T07:27:00.000+11:00

Operating website is now one of the popular ways to promote and convey the operators or organisations' purposes. There are two websites; first one is the International Press Institute's www.freemedia.at and another is Amnesty International's www.amnesty.org. This post will explore and analyse these websites, focusing on the purposes and compositions.

1. www.freemedia.at
This is the website of the International Press Institute (commonly known as IPI). According to the introduction of IPI, this global network of editors, media executives and leading journalists is dedicated to the furtherance and safeguarding of press freedom, the protection of freedom of opinion and expression, the promotion of the free flow of news and information, and the improvement of the practices of journalism.

The website communicates IPI events, such as world congresses, conferences, seminars and workshops, and through the World Press Freedom Review, this examines documenting press freedom violations and major media developments. In addition, this website delivers news and information, such as IPI's activities and congress reports.

There are many linked pages in this website; some of these pages provide their significant issues and could be recognised IPI's history, also show press freedom and journalist organisations and media groups which work to promote press freedom and human rights. An example of these pages is IPI Death Watch which refers to journalists and media staff who were deliberately targeted because of their profession - either because of their investigative reporting or simply because they were journalists. It also includes journalists who were caught in the crossfire while covering dangerous assignments. Through the IPI Death Watch, we can know 100 journalists killed in 2007 and 90 journalists killed so far in 2007.

'Press freedom' is the term commonly used to describe that we have the right to know what happens there. However, sometimes we forgot that someone sacrificed oneself for this freedom.

2. www.amnesty.org
This is the website of Amnesty International (commonly known as AI). According to the AI, this is an international non-governmental organisation which is a worldwide movement of people who campaign for internationally recognised human rights and AI's vision is of a world in which every person enjoys all of the human rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international human rights standards.

This website is similar to IPI's website in main contents. The website communicates AI events, such as acting now, campaigns, and through the News sections, this can deliver movements about human rights all over the world. Moreover, visitors can navigate the whole library in English, French, Spanish and Arabic. Even though these website are similar, there is difference in the form. IPI’s website promotes its organisation; it seems to be a newsletter whereas AI's website is shaped like a news website. In addition, AI's website conveys their works and purposes.

AI's website also has many linked pages; these pages are defined more clearly than IPI's. It is easy to follow what AI wants to tell visitors. For example, the Library section could be used to find more specialised documents with selections which are countries, regions, subregions and themes all over the world. This could affect to arouse visitors' interest, because it is own country issues.

The effective website should arouse a public response everywhere. From this fact, AI's website could be a substantial work.

Spy Films

2007-11-08T04:41:00.000+11:00

The spy films treat spies who find out the political, military, or industrial secrets of enemies or rivals. Through theme of fictional espionage, these films could be divided between realistic and fantasy, such as the Jason Bourne series and the James Bond series. Many spy films have adapted by novels. Ian Fleming's the James Bond series and Robert Ludlum's the Jason Bourne series are good examples. The history of spy film genre is quite long. It began in the silent picture days, and it is still continued with historical context, such as the start of the First World War, and the Second World War and the Cold War.

The spy film genre is generally a sub-genre of action and thriller film. It also could be war film genre without tanks because it deals with the operations of more than two countries or organisations. This genre is typically involving a spy or a secret agent who has been well trained by the military with good career, and a love for his country or organisation. They also have many names and passports to conceal one’s identity, very attractive face, and looking good female partner of partners. Spies usually work alone with their organisation’s support and always use the state-of-the-art technologies.

Heroes and enemies with romance and adventure between faith and conspiracy

There is only one option; to be us or to be them. Spy films talk about relationships of contrary positions. The positions are in the middle of their unshaken faith; protecting and keeping. Moreover, in the historical timeline, the enemies in the spy films changed from secret organisations to the Soviet Union. However, after the Cold War, modern spies have fought the insiders or the Third World.

Never Again

2007-10-16T04:42:00.000+10:00

"Never leave that till tomorrow which you can do today."

- Benjamin Franklin

Taronga Zoo

2007-10-03T21:05:00.000+10:00

Taronga Zoo, Mosman, NSW, Australia

The Universal Definition of Political Cartoon

2007-09-11T14:09:00.000+10:00

1. Introduction
People and politics could be defined in economic terms of demand and supply or cause and effect. Politics obtain the powers that control national organisations by the people who want to develop their ground of lives. The public want to appear their opinion about politics. Politics comment on a variety of methods, such as music, movie, speeches, and cartoons. Political cartooning is one of the ways to convey the public's desire. However, political cartoons may be a sensitive issue, because it depends on situation of cartoonists and agreement by the public. The aim of this report is to examine the key a universal definition associated with the term political cartoon, also describe reasons and examples about the definition.

2. Discussion of Political Cartoon
2.1 Composition
Political cartoons are different from general cartoons. Typically, political cartoons are composed of two aspects, which are caricature and allusion. According to Backer (1996, para. 1), caricature is individual parodies and allusion is creations of the situation or context of the placement of the individual. These aspects are shown by simple illustration and short sentences usually to express strongly. Backer (1996, para. 1) also defines that political cartoons were the "fanciful exercises" in the past. It could be before did not appear the power of the political cartoons.

2.2 History
In Germany, the political cartoon was started by Martin Luther under the influence of Catholic Church. "As time went on, Germanic art assimilated the Italian caricature and established the conventions practised on a wide basis by cartoonists of the eighteenth century" (Backer 1996, para. 4). Also political cartoons presented the history of United States. In Asian, especially in Singapore because there was under the British, political cartoons have continued by politician and the public. It could be connected to British directly. Like this, political cartoons' history started, in Europe, Asian, and United States, around the world.

2.3 Influence
One political cartoon has often strong powers, which show and move the public's desire. An illustration of this is "Join or Die" by Benjamin Franklin. Disconnected snake with abbreviated words represented the Colonies. This was the first American political cartoon; also it became the symbol of the American Revolution. Backer (1996, para. 5) states that "Franklin's snake is significant in the development of cartooning because it became an icon that could be displayed in differing variations throughout the existing visual media of the day". In addition, political cartoon are used to move the public by politician in general election campaigns. "General election campaigns show editorial cartoonists at their most political, like papers as a whole" (Seymour-Ure 2001, p. 338). The author also demonstrates that almost four out of five cartoons in the five weeks of the 1997 campaign were about the election. This fact could be shown how political cartoons affect that the concentration on the party leader as the representative or symbol of their immediate colleagues. In Singapore, editorial cartoonists persists similar way, "Better to be safe than to be sorry" is their own mentality state of civil consciousness (Tju 2001, p. 79).

3. Definition of Political Cartoon
3.1 Definition
Political cartoon define the visual aspects, discourse, and arguing without the need to read. One of these examples is Luther's cartoon, "Passional Christi und Antichristi" which was originally drawn by Lucas Cranach, with simple illustration and no writing. It may be for the people who could not read, and became more Christlike (Backer 1996, para. 3). Another of these examples is Steve Bell's cartoon in 1997, British. This cartoon figured one man, who wears the cellular underpants outside his trousers and is ready to fire his wick, with the title, "Election 97". In this example, "Major appears to hope the pants will act as a sort of rocket launcher, jetting him into the general election campaign" (Seymour-Ure 2001, p. 350).

3.2 Reasons
The public want to know hidden truths. Also, they want to change or turn to the right direction. These describe why political cartoons are continued within history. The author, Seymour-Ure (2001) describes continuity among cartoonists. "This combination of familiarity and predictability with a particular freshness every day is what provides a newspaper with its stability as an enterprise" (p. 337). Flows of stories in political cartoons are attractive because it seems like separated story or not connected. However, it is not comics. This means for reading or recognising political cartoons, readers should know the background of each cartoon. That is why cartoonists have expressed instead of the public by independent way.

3.3 Examples
Some of political cartoons influenced salient events of history. "Join or Die" by Benjamin Franklin became the symbol of the American Revolution, it responded the Civil War. "Mr. Singapore 1996" in Asiaweek (2 February 1996) by Heng, which was illustrated that "a bodybuilder symbolising Singapore is showing off his muscles" (Tju 2001, p. 80). It also connected the social issues, Singapore back to China. "The Harmony Boys" by David Low, there were four people in this cartoon. One of these people was Hitler who orchestrated from Italy, Spain, and the USSR, early in the Second World War. "Low epitomised Hitler, for his own and subsequent generations, through such tabs of identity as the forelock and moustache" (Seymour-Ure 2001, p. 336).

4. Conclusion
Political cartoons could be defined universally because countries that have politics and no limit of expression have political cartoons. This history is long term because it is the public's desire and expression of opinions. Even though politicians do not want to be treated by cartoon, it is significant way to develop "human social".

References

Backer, D. 1996, 'A Brief History of Political Cartoon', Uniting Mugwumps and the Masses, viewed 11 September 2007, <http://xroads.virginia.edu/~MA96/PUCK/part1.html>.

Seymour-Ure, C. 2001, 'What Future for the British Political Cartoon?', Journalism Studies, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 333-355.

Tju, L.C. 2001, 'Political Cartoons in Singapore: Misnomer or Redefinition Necessary?', Journal of Popular Culture, pp. 77-83.

My Celebrity Lookalikes

2007-09-11T01:37:00.000+10:00

STUDYING, SAVING, or SURVIVING

2007-09-07T00:00:00.000+10:00

Serious problems that international students face

Sydney's students, especially in international students, are in the middle of problems about their accommodation.

A survey of 100 international students, who study courses of Academic English Pathway at UTS: Insearch, states Sydney CBD and around suburbs, such as Ultimo, Waterloo, and Pyrmont, have 39% students. Moreover, 84% students of them live in a kind of share house, and over 50% of their share houses have over four people.

"There are eleven people in my three-bed roomed house. My house is just like a backpacker, it is not private space," one of these students said.

He usually study in the library of UTS but cannot study in his room with two room-mates. "Even though I am at home, I do not go to bed before midnight because I cannot get to sleep," he also said. This describes why he meets friends of him after 10 pm. However, he does not want to live in outside of the city. "City has everything in my Australian life, such as my school, friends, etc. I am enjoying city life except my house."

The survey also states that students, who live in Sydney CBD and around suburbs, pay a higher cost than others, who live in outside of the city. For example, by 120 dollars, could be able to get an over three people room in the city, however, in outside of city, can live in a two people room. Thus, city's students find low cost houses to save money, which is reason why too many people live in a house.

According to an interview with a one of the city's apartment renters, who has contracted by a real estate directly, most city apartments, especially in share houses, have more than four people, and those are often used to earn money. "I agree that a cost of share house in the city is more expensive than outside of the city's, but nobody cares. Every student wants to live in the city, so this cost is made by them. It might seem a relationship between supply and demand," the renter said.

How do eleven people live in a three-bed roomed house? The answer is "3-2-2-2-2"; 3 is in a master room, 2 and 2 are in each second room, 2 is in the living room, and 2 is on the sunlounge.

"We have got documents, called Residential Tenancy Agreement," a manager of one of real estates in the city said.

"A renter has to agree how many people can live in there, and if a renter breaks any of the terms of the agreement, a contract will be ended by a landlord."

Through the Agreement (1997 edition, page 7), "A fixed term agreement may be ended for the following reasons, provided that a least 14 days' notice is given," this means that a renter, who broken a contract, must leave a house 14 days later. "But it hardly happens," a manager said.

Does it make sense? "We have already known that problem, but from the Agreement, we have no more than four inspections are allowed in any period of 12 months," a manager continued. Inspections are to check whether agreement is doing well or not, but these are not surprise inspections. "To inspect the premises, if the tenant gets 7 days' notice" (the Agreement, page 7). "Actually, we cannot count how many people live in there when we have an inspection. We just suppose it from furniture, such as beds, desks, and clothes chests, but it is also difficult to guess because some of tenants have often moved furniture before inspection. If we have no evidence, a contract is continued."

One of the major problems from this situation is no guarantee of safety. "City of Sydney Council inspects all buildings, include shops, apartments, and houses, about fire safety," a building surveyor of Sydney Council said. Council's inspections focus on every kind of a fire-fighting equipment, a line, an apparatus, and an alarm. "We also inspect inside of houses but we do not count how many people live in there. However, if we judge that some situations, for example, a lot of electric equipments are plugged in a one socket, could be able to cause a fire, we impose a penalty on a building owner," he said.

"A lot of friends of mine want to stay in the city. And I will also never move out of the city. We are here to study, and we are here to enjoy. I do not want to give up both, even my safety and private life do not be guaranteed," the student said, and then he goes to the library.

Accommodation problems for students are not short term. Everybody knows that but nobody tries to make countermeasures, include schools. Educational work is one of most important businesses to Australia. To continue this work, effective plans may be drawn up.

The Father of Economics, Adam Smith

2007-08-29T22:02:00.000+10:00

"The Father of Economics", Adam Smith (1723 – 1790) was a Scottish economist and philosopher. He was born in a small town, Kirkcaldy near Edinburgh in Scotland, and was the son of the comptroller of the customs.

1. Life and Background
Adam Smith entered the University of Glasgow when he was 15 years old, studying Greek literature, mathematics, and ethics. He also studied moral philosophy under "the never-to-be-forgotten" Francis Hutcheson, a mercantilist. In 1740, he shifted to the Balliol College of the University of Oxford to study because England was stronger both in agriculture and economy than Scotland's. He met the philosopher David Hume who became one of the closets of his friends there, and was influenced by Hume's treatise, Human Nature. At the age of 25, he began delivering public lectures, rhetoric in Edinburgh, and then he assumed the professor of the University of Glasgow. In 1752, he transferred to the chair of moral philosophy that was a lecture of Smith's mentor, Francis Hutcheson. Smith's lectures covered the field of ethics, rhetoric, jurisprudence, and political economy, or "police and revenue". In 1759 he published Theory of Moral Sentiments, embodying some of his Glasgow lectures. This work gave him his reputation. At the end of 1763, he left Glasgow to become tutor to the young duke of Buccleuch, and he travelled France with his pupil from 1764 until 1766. In his travels, he came to know French physiocrats and philosophers such as Voltaire, Rousseau, and Franklin. After travelling, he devoted much of the next ten years to his magnum opus, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations which appeared in 1776. He also plunged studies of philosophy, history, and politics. He was appointed the president of the University of Glasgow in 1787 and died in Edinburgh on July 17, 1790.

The period of his time was before the Industrial Revolution. Merchant capital had been growing in cities, and manufacture became as new way of production in rural communities that time. Adam Smith could be called the economist of the age of manufacture. The beginning of large-scale industrial capitalism based on division of work affected his ideas; the whole society is similar to workplace doing division of work, the manufacturing industry is also important with commercial and agriculture industries. In 1776, however, the Industrial Revolution just began when An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations appeared. The theory of economy which worked after the Industrial Revolution was described by Smith before the Industrial Revolution through An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. It could make sure Adam Smith was the father of economics.

2. Career and Achievements
Adam Smith studied at the University of Glasgow, and then had studied by him self at the University of Oxford for six years. This was because there was no substantial education at Oxford. On returning to the University of Glasgow, he was appointed professor of logic (1751), then the chair of moral philosophy (1752). Economics was not an independent subject yet, so it was included moral philosophy in that time. This fact could be known that Smith's ideas were the beginning of economics.

Smith published two books, Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759) and An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776).

● Theory of Moral Sentiments
This theory was concerned with the explanation of moral approval and disapproval. From Smith's question; Why do we regard certain actions or intentions with approval and condemn others? People's opinions in the age of Smith were separated as two kinds; the law could judge what was right or wrong, and another was the moral standard which could be like mathematics formula. However, Smith presented new way of judgement within these arguments. He stated that everybody has lived with a moral sense which can see what is right or not. According to Smith, this sense called "sympathy" could be able to provide in social organisation. Thus, ethical emotion is a result of human nature, not human reason. This means that social organisation is seen as the outcome of human action but not necessarily of human design.

● An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations
This book became the first systematised economics book, and contributed theoretical and practical knowledge about economy. In this book, Smith claimed that free trade must be established proliferation of division of work being to increase people's wealth; he also warned monopolisation and protection in market by the Government are more harm than good. "A vast and stinging critique of the crippling regulation of commerce and trade that was then current, it argued that if people were set free to better themselves, it would – 'as if by an invisible hand' – actually benefit the whole of society" (Adam Smith Institute 2007, para. 6).

3. Context of His Age and His Ideas
When he published An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, the Industrial Revolution just began. England as an agricultural country exported food but the manufacturing industry just produced only fabric made by small farmhouses or minor enterprises. Nation's policy was mercantilism following regulation that defined labours cannot be able to move freely, and incomes are controlled. However, mercantilism was not affect because of the movement of population from rural communities and prevalence of contraband. As a result, new industrial capitalists and people in the city wanted to get free economic activities. Adam Smith's ideas were welcomed because his ideas were what they wanted.

"It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker, that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own interest. We address ourselves, not to their humanity but to their self-love, and never talk to them of our necessities but of their advantages" (Smith 1776, Book I, Chapter II). Through his book, he demonstrated that major motivation of human nature is pursuit of their own profits. In addition, there were basic regularities in the world, so whole social profits composed of individual profit naturally. He thought that these theories could be archived in the market by price called "the invisible hand". The basis called "laissez-faire" of this view was that a good economic system on field could be created when the government has less interference. In this view, the government must become small. This means that the government would arrange just the defence of a country, the public safety, and public enterprises, also against protective trade and claimed free trade.

4. Strengths or Weaknesses
In United States of 1929, the Wall Street Crash showed the weak point of Smith's "invisible hand". The Wall Street Crash of 1929 was one of the most devastation stock market crashes in United States' history. People believed that we had just waited to become quiet of the crash because market could be reduced by its self. However, there was no "invisible hand" there. For solving this panic, new government policy called "new deal" appeared by Roosevelt who was the thirty-second President of the United States. Free trade from laissez-faire also has not proved that the rich-get-richer and the poor-get-poorer. However, although his ideas have been weak, his ideas are still the basis of modern economics and still working. Adam Smith created the theory which could be proved the Industrial Revolution, capitalism, and modern economics before it happened.

References

Adam Smith Institute 2007, ‘Adam Smith’, Adam Smith Institute, viewed 29 August 2007, <http://www.adamsmith.org/smith>.

Smith, A. 1759, The Theory of Moral Sentiments.

Smith, A. 1776, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations.

www . JYHWANG . com

2007-08-15T13:53:00.000+10:00

Adam Smith

2007-08-08T17:10:00.000+10:00

1. Biography
• June 5, 1723 (baptism) in Scotland – July 17, 1790 in Scotland
• Philosopher and political economist
• Key figure; Scottish Enlightenment in 18th Century
• Known as "The Father of Economics"
• Schools: Glasgow University and Balliol College of the University of Oxford
• No personal papers remained
• Never married, a close relationship with his mother

2. Main Ideas
● Laissez-faire
• Short for "laissez faire, laissez passer" in French, which meaning to let things alone, let them pass.
• Laissez-faire has since become the synonym for free market economics.
• The basis of this idea is that a good economic system on field could be created when the government has less interference.

● Books
The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759)
• "Standards of ethical conduct that hold society together, with emphasis on the general harmony of human motives and activities under a beneficent Providence" (Chew 1996, para. 2).
• New liberalism.
• A social organisation is composed of the outcome of people's actions; it is not from people's intentions.

An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776)
• "A vast and stinging critique of the crippling regulation of commerce and trade that was then current, it argued that if people were set free to better themselves, it would – 'as if by an invisible hand' - actually benefit the whole of society. The book influenced thought and politics profoundly, and was one of the foundations of the era of liberal free trade that dominated the Nineteenth Century" (Adam Smith Institute 2007, para. 6).

● Adam Smith Quote
On The Invisible Hand,
"It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker, that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own interest. We address ourselves, not to their humanity but to their self-love, and never talk to them of our necessities but of their advantages" (Smith 1776, Book I, Chapter II).

3. Social Context of Times
• In the period known as The Enlightenment, Eighteenth-century Europe happened significant changes based on culture by religious problems such as weak faith to God.
• "The concept of a single, Europe-wide movement may of course be challenged in detail: it does reflect a cultural dominance of French thought" (Kids.Net.Au 2007, para. 7).
• Anti-slavery movement
"The growth of humanitarian feeling during the Age of Enlightenment in the 18th century, the spread of the ideas of Jean Jacques Rousseau and others, and the increase of democratic sentiment led to a growing attack on the slave trade. The French Revolution had a great effect not only in the spread of agitation for human rights but more directly..." (The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, para. 1).
• Interest in new ideas and awareness of world
• Emphasis on rights and liberty

4. Reception of Ideas
"In 1759 he published his The Theory of Moral Sentiments, embodying some of his Glasgow lectures. This work, which established Smith's reputation in his day, was concerned with how human communication depends on sympathy between agent and spectator (that is, the individual and other members of society)....He bases his explanation not, as the third Lord Shaftesbury and Hutcheson had done, on a special 'moral sense'; nor, as Hume did, on utility; but on sympathy" (Wikipedia 2007, para. 4).

5. Relevance of Ideas
• "The Wealth of Nations, one of the earliest attempts to systematically study the historical development of industry and commerce in Europe, as well as a sustained attack on the doctrines of mercantilism" (Wikipedia 2007, para. 1).
• The modern academic discipline of economics
• Free trade, capitalism, and libertarianism
• Help turn Europe into a free trade domain, for example, European Union.
• See also, Industrial Revolution

6. Strengths or Weaknesses
• If there is no government, would a social organisation be developed because it is influenced on Laissez-faire?
• On free market, is every country developing or developed?
• There was no "invisible hand" on Black Monday in United States.
• The rich-get-richer and the poor-get-poorer.

References

Adam Smith Institute 2007, 'Adam Smith', Adam Smith Institute, viewed 8 August 2007, <http://www.adamsmith.org/smith>.

Chew, R. 1996, 'Adam Smith', Lucidcafé, viewed 8 August 2007, <http://www.lucidcafe.com/library/96jun/smith.html>.

Kids.Net.Au 2007, 'The Enlightenment', Kids.Net.Au, viewed 8 August 2007, <http://encyclopedia.kids.net.au/page/th/The_Enlightenment>.

Smith, A. 1759, The Theory of Moral Sentiments.

Smith, A. 1776, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations.

The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia 2007, 'The Antislavery Movement', 6th edn, The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Columbia University Press, <http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/bus/A0861125.html>.

Wikipedia 2007, 'Adam Smith', Wikipedia, viewed 8 August 2007, <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith>.

Accused: The Man Who Threw Rocks on the Freeway

2007-08-07T17:44:00.000+10:00

North, East, West, and South; NEWS

Although the origin of the word 'news' is unknown, it could be identified that news has dealt with every event and problem. Referred to by the Collins COBUILD dictionary, news is information that is published in newspapers and broadcast on radio and television about a recently changed situation or a recent event in the country or world or in a particular area of activity. The two newspapers in this essay are The Sydney Morning Herald, a broadsheet and The Daily Telegraph, a tabloid. Both newspapers are published daily in Australia but each newspaper uses different way to convey information. This essay will compare and contrast methods of expression, news values, and key themes between both the newspapers of the same story, on the same day.

Two daily newspapers, The Sydney Morning Herald and The Daily Telegraph which were published on Tuesday, 24 July, 2007, reported about an accused man who threw rocks on the freeway. According to both the newspapers, the man, Peter Hodgkins, 25, who was at home on bail, was arrested two days ago in Kiama Downs. About 3.15 am on Sunday, he throw the rocks from the end of the Princes Highway, then a traveller, Nicole Miller, 22, who was a beauty therapist, was struck by the rocks he threw that smashed through a rear side window of her friend's vehicle. After the incident, she has needed the support of a breathing machine in Wollongong Hospital because the rocks thrown by Peter Hodgkins had crushed her skull and injured her face. Both articles wrote information about the rock thrower, Peter Hodgkins. According to his own profile on MySpace, a social networking website, he is a devoted single father, loves his daughter and earns less than $30,000 a year. In addition, two articles reported how he was arrested and how he had got bail.

Both newspapers were similar and different in their methods of expression, news values and key themes. Firstly, methods of expression such as headlines, photographs, and article's placement, are completely different between each newspaper. The Sydney Morning Herald wrote "The man accused of throwing the rock" and "The woman fighting for her life" in the headlines on the left section of the front page, and inserted photographs showing the man, Peter Hodgkins, whose face is affected as mosaic design and the woman, Nicole Miller, who is smiling without mosaic design. On page 3, The Sydney Morning Herald also wrote "At home on bail: the man accused of freeway rock attack" in the headline, and also inserted the same photograph as the front page with a sub headline, "Charged…Peter Hodgkins was arrested after a tip-off". However, The Daily Telegraph wrote a different headline which stated, "Friends shock at rock arrest" on the left section of the front page, and inserted a photograph showing Peter Hodgkins without any distortion effect. On page 5, this newspaper used the headlines, "Secrets of rock attack suspect" written by the biggest point typeface in this page and "Loves daughter, idolises dad…in deep trouble" by smaller point typeface than Secrets…'s. Moreover, there were three photographs on this page, one of these photographs showing Peter Hodgkins, which is the same photograph of The Sydney Morning Herald's but no mosaic effect and showing the half of the his body with tattoos, especially 'PAYABLE ON DEATH', and two of the photographs showed the woman and the damaged car with a broken window. Even though the two newspapers used the same photograph showing the man, their treatments are quite different. According to Sheley and Ashkins (cited in Davis 1981, p. 492), pictures of crime news presented in newspapers reflect on the public’s conception of crime. In this case, the tabloid content of The Daily Telegraph made fear and anger more than content in this article's from the man from using his smiling with the finger in contrast with the smiling woman.

Secondly, news values of the two articles are similar. Even though the two articles were written about crime, the flow of stories followed an entertainment form. In terms of these stories, 'human interest' and 'emotional appeal' may be defined as the news values. For example, the broadsheet, The Sydney Morning Herald did not avoid typical tabloid content. In the beginning of this article, The Sydney Morning Herald wrote the facts, Peter Hodgkins was logged on to his social networking website, MySpace after being charged and his hobbies are fishing and surfing. These facts were not directly relevant and necessary in order to explain this incident in itself, but these are generally relevant to understand the context. Tabloid content that may appear in newspapers and broadcast on radio and television especially shows crimes, sex and celebrities' scandals (Lumby 1999, p. 39). The Daily Telegraph also followed tabloid content through photographs. Additionally, the attractive headlines, for example, 'Loves daughter', which were against this terrible crime, captured the attention of readers.

Finally, the treatments of each article are also similar. Traditionally news can be separated between soft and hard news. "'Soft news' deal with human interest stories and news items considered 'interesting' or 'entertaining'. 'Hard news' deals with 'important' stories and is usually considered to contain more 'hard facts'" (Turner 2006, p. 9). Both articles treated a story focusing the one man and his victim. It is sufficient to define that both stories are soft news. People who have known this story will be afraid but it was simply an accident. There is no plan to be not a victim. As a result, these stories just seem to convey more entertaining facts rather than educational information. However, although the flow of this story is focused on one man, this news carries on hard facts. This means stories of crime still can be defined as hard news.

In conclusion, both newspapers treated the same story about an accused man who threw rocks. Even though they showed the same photographs, the ways of expression are different. Moreover, these headlines are different because both newspapers each focused on different points. It could be defined that they have different target audience. However, the story is obviously crime news as hard news, though the flow of this story seemed entertainment news.

References

HarperCollins 2003, Advanced Learner's English Dictionary, 4th edn, HarperCollins, Glasgow.

Lumby, C. 1999, Gotcha: Life in tabloid world, Allen and Unwin, St Leonards.

Sheley, J.F. & Ashkins, C.D. 1981, 'Crime, Crime News, and Crime Views', Public Opinion Quarterly, vol. 45, Elsevier North-Holland, pp. 492-506.

Turner R. 2006, 'The News', Media Analysis 1, Insearch UTS, Sydney.

Rupert Murdoch, a Throne, and Tabloid Content

2007-08-06T19:08:00.000+10:00

In the world today, people who live in the societies of developed civilisation have been reached by the media. The mass media in terms of the sources of information and news such as television, radio, newspapers, and magazines, are received by large numbers of people. If these mediums derive from one source, can they be trusted? Consequently, can we describe it as success? Rupert Murdoch is one of the most successful and influential media entrepreneurs. This essay will present significant factors of Murdoch’s success, focusing on tabloid content and political connection.

Rupert Murdoch
The hero of nicknames, 'press baron', 'media mogul', 'tabloid journalist', and 'the President of the media empire', Rupert Murdoch, 76, born in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia on 11 March 1931, is the chairman and chief executive officer of News Corporation which is one the world's largest multinational media conglomerates. His father, Keith Murdoch who died in 1952 had financial interests in newspaper companies. One of which being News Limited, published The News in Adelaide, Australia. He wanted young Murdoch to learn and experience journalism assisted by Rohan Rivett, a journalist. When his father died, Rupert Murdoch came back from Oxford University to take over his father's business. He became the managing director of News Limited in 1953. It was the start of his media life. In 1956, he married Patrica Booker who was a former shop assistant and air hostess; the first of three marriages. They produced Murdoch's first of six children Prudence, then divorced in 1967. The same year, he married Anna Tõrv, a probationary employee at his newspaper, The Daily Telegraph. They had three children named Elisabeth, Lachlan, and James Murdoch, then divorced in June 1999. Seven days later he married Wendi Deng, vice-president of STAR TV, an entertainment TV channel in Hong Kong. Murdoch and Deng have got two children Grace and Chloe. Murdoch became an American citizen in 1985 because United States' law states that foreigners cannot own a television station.

"We have no intention of failing.The only question is how great a success we’ll have."

– Rupert Murdoch

The Throne
Rupert Murdoch's company, News Corporation has owned two publishing firms, forty-one newspapers, thirty-four magazines, one record label, three radio networks, five sport teams, sixteen production studios, fifteen television broadcasts, seven satellite television networks, cable channels and platforms, websites, etc (http://www.newscorp.com/). All kinds of media now exist in his company.

When Rupert Murdoch started his business in 1953, he focused on a circulation of newspaper and profits from advertising to increase because larger numbers of a circulation mean a larger income. In this case, after three years later, he bought Sunday Newspaper in Perth, Western Australia. Three years later, the TV week, Australia's first weekly television magazine, and New Idea, Australia's oldest women's magazine was published by Rupert Murdoch. In 1964, Australia's first national newspaper, a broadsheet, The Australian, was published. Australia's first national broadsheet newspaper by Rupert Murdoch is significant. "Initially based out of Canberra, Murdoch moved The Australian to Sydney, after which his reputation as a serious newsman began to develop" (Carmichael, para. 2). In 1972, Murdoch acquired Sydney's tabloid The Daily Telegraph, which made him one of the three largest newspaper proprietors in the country (Carmichael, para. 2). His reputation as a ruthless businessman was worse in England but he did not cease expanding. One year later Murdoch expanded his business in the United States of America; buying the San Antonio Express-News. In 1976, he bought the New York Post for $50 million, and continued acquisitions the New York Magazine Company and the Chicago Sun-Times (Carmichael, para. 4). By 1984, his company, News Corporation owned over 80 newspapers and magazines. In addition, in 1985 he purchased 20th Century Fox, for $250 million. Rupert Murdoch's business network, worth in excess of $6.7 billion, continues in his dominion among the most powerful media in the world (Carmichael, para. 9).

"I believe too many of us editors and reporters are out of touch with our readers. Too often, the question we ask is 'Do we have the story?' rather than 'Does anyone want the story?'"

– Rupert Murdoch

Page 3 Girls
The Page 3 Girl in The Sun is essential to talk about Murdoch’s success. Rupert Murdoch purchased The Sun, a tabloid newspaper in United Kingdom in 1969. The Sun was contrary to making a profit, lost $5 million per year. Rupert Murdoch made a decision to print half-naked female photographs on page three; page three of a tabloid is frequently read second to the front page rather than page two. His decision succeeded. The Sun was turning a profit. He also purchased The Times and The Sunday Times. In an interview with Pooley (2007, p. 3), Murdoch stated "Sun, with its topless Page 3 Girls on the breakfast tables of a million Britons". This quote shows his reasoning in favour of yellow journalism. Moreover, due to public appeal the same photographs are displayed the independent website, www.page3.com; though not a pornographic site, these photographs are not censored. "News Corporation's British holdings were already highly profitable in 1983. One notorious tabloid, The Sun, contributed 40 percent of the corporation's profit. What prompted Murdoch's move was a mixture of chance and necessity" (Freeman 1996, p. 228).

Page Six
The New York Post's page six is also a special page like page three of The Sun. Page Six portrays 'well-known' entities such as movie stars, sportsmen, or politicians, embarrassed by scandals, ugly photographs or gossip. This is a good example of Murdoch's yellow journalism. According to Johnson (2006), even famous people want to know other famous people's gossip. "Everyone wants to be on Page Six, even if they claim they don't", says Perez Hilton, who runs a well-read celebrity gossip website, perezhilton.com, "They try everything to get in there". On Don Imus' radio show Monday, developer Donald Trump joked; "I wish I knew about this. I would have very well been willing to pay hundreds of thousands of dollars to get some of those terrible stories about me out on page six" (Johnson 2006, para. 6). Page Six has officially registered a trademark and has emotionally registered among masses.

Murdochism
The Murdochism from the name of Rupert Murdoch means that the media which is not controlled by Rupert Murdoch is not standard (Pilger 2003, para. 7). This is similar to his priority in media to give people pleasure rather than, or through information."Like all his newspapers, they follow the path paved with his ‘interests’ and his extremism. They echo Murdoch's description of Bush and Blair as 'heroes' of the Iraq invasion, and his dismissal of the blood they spilt. For good measure, his tabloid the Herald Sun invented an al-Qaeda terrorist training camp near Melbourne; and all his papers promote John Howard's parrot-like obsequiousness to Bush, just as they laud Howard’s racist campaign against a few thousand asylum-seekers who are locked away in outback concentration camps" (Pilger 2003, para. 6).

Political Connection
Rupert Murdoch's media is often used by politics because control through media cannot be ignored by anyone; an example of this is that President Bush of the United States of America gave The Sun an exclusive interview in 2003. According to Milbank (2003), the President Bush had not given solo interviews to the New York Times, Wall Street Journal, the Washington Post, Time, or Newsweek when he gave it to The Sun. He also reported that Bush has not given an exclusive interview in his entire presidency to the Los Angeles Times, Chicago Tribune, Boston Globe and dozens of other major publications. "So why did Bush choose the tabloid that last raised international attention by publishing topless pictures of Prince Edward's fiancée? It's because The Sun has huge, uh, circulation….Indeed, about 3.5 million Britons are said to buy it each day -- all of them, of course, for the articles" (Milbank 2003, para. 8). In addition, Scott McClellan, who was a former White House Press Secretary (2003-2006), said the reason why Bush gave it to The Sun because "It has a large readership". Milbank (2003, para. 10) also described the connection between Bush and Rupert Murdoch, "Word on Fleet Street is it's an obvious payoff to The Sun's owner, Rupert Murdoch, the conservative publisher behind many Bush-friendly news outlets such as Fox News. Officials at the White House acknowledge that it was a reward to The Sun for its unstinting support of the United States regarding the war in Iraq".

Conclusion
Rupert Murdoch is one of the most influential people in the world. He is a media entrepreneur and also a business man. Certainly, his success is based on tabloid content; in the beginning, he focused on making profits through larger circulations of newspaper, and then he published Australia's first national daily newspaper, a significant historical event. Though his yellow journalism such as sexual images, scandals, and gossip, in tabloid content has been criticised by public opinion, he recognised well the mass appeal. As a result, he also satisfies the desired knowledge of the public. His experience of the people has made his success through the people. However, even though his success is based on tabloid content, it is not a whole fact because political connection is also around him.

References
Carmichael, E. ‘Making Headlines: Murdoch Makes the News’, Evan Carmichael, viewed 6 August 2007, <http://www.evancarmichael.com/Famous-Entrepreneurs/640/Making-Headlines-Murdoch-Makes-the-News.html>.

Freeman, C 1996, ‘Citizen Murdoch-A Case Study in the Paradox of Economic Efficiency’, Journal of Economic Issues, vol. 30, no. 1.

Johnson P. 2006, ‘Page Six of ‘New York Post’ making scandal headlines’, USA Today, 10 April, viewed 6 August 2007, <http://www.usatoday.com/life/columnist/mediamix/2006-04-10-media-mix_x.htm>.

Milbank, D. 2003, ‘Prez in Topless Tabloid’, Washington Post, 15 November, viewed 6 August 2007, <http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=article&contentId=A43228-2003Nov14&notFound=true>.

Pilger, J. 2003, ‘John Pilger finds Murdochism everywhere’, New Statesman, 29 September, viewed 6 August 2007, <http://www.newstatesman.com/200309290005>.

Pooley, E. 2007, ‘Exclusive: Rupert Murdoch Speaks’, Time, 28 June, viewed 6 August 2007, <http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1638182-1,00.html>.

K3

2007-07-28T08:01:00.001+10:00

The Brief of the Website, jyhwang.com

2007-07-26T18:58:00.000+10:00

1. Goals/Purposes of Website
www.jyhwang.com, this personal website, may be introduced and promoted by J.Y. Hwang. "These days almost all large corporations and a great many small businesses use the Web for promotion."(Farkas and Farkas 2002, p. 7). A website gives the information about a company to promote itself. A personal website also can give information about someone's personal portfolio. There are too many blogs of J.Y. Hwang's because people who are users of those blogs have different needs for each blog. As a result, when J.Y. Hwang wanted to tell or show something, J.Y. Hwang must update the same contents on each blog. This website is going to be the exclusive official J.Y. Hwang website. That means visitors use the website to get information about J.Y. Hwang.

2. Target Audience
● To the people who have already known about J.Y. Hwang
The people who are friends and parents of J.Y. Hwang's will be able to know his present situation and see his recent photos and news.

● To the people who want to know about J.Y. Hwang
If someone wants to be his friend, this website may be the first step to know about him.

● To the people who want to see J.Y. Hwang's videos
This website will be his most important portfolio, especially to the people who want to be a business partner, such as a film maker and a producer, with him. The videos made by him will be uploaded on this website.

3. Message
The message of this website is to show that J.Y. Hwang has the sensibilities and the skills about films to be one of the film industry's most successful directors.

4. Contents● Index
This page will be produced using Macromedia Flash. Visitors will be able to enter the main page though the click on this page.

● Main Page
There are five linked pages in this website, 'Biography', 'Photographs', 'Blog', 'Videos' and 'Information'.

● Biography
Visitors can read his profile and access Wikipedia.org through 'Wikipedia' button which is a sub link page of this.

● Photographs
This page will show small images of his photographs and then it will become a large image when visitors do the click a small image.

● Blog
The blog has already been published on Blogger.com but this blog will not open via a new window. The blog will remain in the lower half of the frame.

● Videos
This page will be connected to the purpose of this website directly. There are now three videos made by J.Y. Hwang. These videos play on YouTube, so visitors do not have to install any program to view video files.

● Information
There may be two sub buttons in this page. One of these buttons is 'Site Map' which is the structure of whole website, and another is 'Contact' which is J.Y. Hwang’s contact detail, such as e-mail.

5. Design Approach
The design concept of this website is simple and clear and easy to use, read, watch and enjoy all contents. According to Robin et al (2002, p.95), the website needs an overview and balance with the functional aspects because it is not a magazine. The authors also demonstrated that, by comparing Google.com to Excite.com, a website must be used simpliy because too many visual images can be a confusing to users (Robin et al 2002, p.95). Thus, the main colours of this website may be white, grey and black. The graphics, such as banners, buttons and icons, are simple and natural with the main colours.

References

Farkas, D.K. & Farkas J.B. 2002, 'Understanding the Web: A Designer's View', Principles of Web Design, Longman.

Robin W., John T. & Rohr D. 2002, 'Design is Not the First Step', Robin Williams Web Design Workshop, Peach Pit Press.

A Brief History of Political Cartoons

2007-07-17T18:43:00.000+10:00

In this article "A Brief History of Political Cartoons" (Backer 1996), the author describes a history of political cartoons, especially in the ages, 16th–19th centuries.

According to the author, political cartoons are composed of two features which are caricature and allusion. Backer (1996, para. 1) also distinguishes that individual parodies and caricature derives from the Mediterranean with Leonardo da Vinci, whilst associating editorial cartoons with the German author, Martin Luther. His cartoons had strong impact with simple images. As a result, more people who were of low literacy classes could read and understand.

The author points out an American political cartoon, the title "Join, or Die." which was made by Benjamin Franklin, was published in "virtually every newspaper on the continent" in 1754. In this cartoon, the disconnected body of a snake became famous and is notable as the start of political cartoons in America(Backer 1996, para. 5).

To recognise the history, the author uses examples to identify the development of political cartoons in America. Illustrations of these are Thomas Nast’s, Tweed’s and Joseph Keppler’s cartoons. "The effect of cartoons after the Civil War can be found in an anecdote whose components have elevated it to the stature of myth."(Backer 1996, para. 6). From these words by the author, can be believed that the American Civil War affected the cartoons of Nast and Tweed but people’s behaviour would become anti-social and satiric tempers. That was the reason why high and middle classes did not like their political cartoons. In addition, one of the illustrators in that time, Joseph Keppler gave the low-class readers accessibility to understand cartoons more easily.

In conclusion, the author, Backer (1996) clarifies that the start of political cartoons by Martin Luther has brought ability to people, especially in low and middle classes, to participate in politics, providing increased value of the people’s opinion.

Reference
Backer, D. 1996, 'A Brief History of Political Cartoons', United Mugwumps and the Masses, viewed 17 July 2007, <http://xroads.virginia.edu/~MA96/PUCK/part1.html>.

The Sources, Relevant Rupert Murdoch’s Success

2007-07-16T15:48:00.000+10:00

Rupert Murdoch, 76, the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of News Corporation which is one of the three largest international media groups.

● "Business the Rupert Murdoch Way"
This book summarises Rupert Murdoch’s ten policies on business. This source conveys his desire and his views of media. It is less relevant but does explain his thinking.
* Crainer, S. 2001, Capstone.

● www.page3.com

This website is the independent site of The Sun which is a newspaper in United Kingdom. Although this is not a pornographic site, such photos are not censored. This source may be proof of his successfully applied tabloid content.

* http://www.page3.com

● "Exclusive: Rupert Murdoch Speaks"
"Sun, with its topless Page 3 girls on the breakfast tables of a million Britons". This source is relevant very much. In this quote from his own words shows his thinking for the good reason of his yellow journalism.
* Pooley, E. 2007, Time, 28 June, <http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1638182-3,00.html>.

● "His Space"
"To find something comparable, you have to go back 500 years to the printing press, the birth of mass media – which, incidentally, is what really destroyed the old world of kings and aristocracies. Technology is shifting power away from the editors, the publishers, the establishment, the media elite. Now it’s the people who are taking control," from these words by him can be known why he purchased MySpace and be determined the focus of his thinking has been the people who are the readers, and also consumers. This interview may be recognised the background of his view on news contents.
* Reiss, S. 2006, Wired, July, <http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/14.07/murdoch.html?pg=1&topic=murdoch&topic_set=>.

● "John Pilger finds Murdochism everywhere"
The Murdochism from the name of Rupert Murdoch means that the media which is not controlled by Rupert Murdoch is not standard. It is similar to his priority in media to give people pleasure rather than, or through information.
* Pilger, J. 2003, New Statesman, 29 September, <http://www.newstatesman.com/200309290005>.

The Concept Map for Feature Story

2007-07-12T18:26:00.000+10:00

The Wedding of James Packer and Erica Baxter

2007-07-03T13:00:00.001+10:00

Two daily newspapers, “The Sydney Morning Herald” and “The Daily Telegraph,” published on Friday, 22 June, 2007, reported the wedding of James Packer who is one of the Australia’s richest men and his new bride Erica Baxter, an Australian singer and model.

According to both the newspapers, they married two days ago, on Wednesday, 20 June, 2007 in Cap d’Antibes, France with guests approximately from one hundred and fifty to two hundred. There were many influential people, such as famous Hollywood actor Tom Cruise and his wife, Katie Holmes, actress, Wendi Deng who is the wife of Rupert Murdoch, the chief executive officer of News Corporation, Eddie McGuire, Channel Nine personality and PBL boss John Alexander on the list of guests.

In addition, uninvited guests like paparazzi watched their wedding from a distance. Both articles wrote about the wedding dress of the bride, which was worth one hundred thousand Australian dollars haute couture gown and created by John Galliano of the Paris fashion house Christian Dior. This dress was produced after six-hundred to seven-hundred hours of handwork. However, Baxter ordered two dresses, one to wear at the public wedding ceremony and the second marriage ceremony.

Two articles of both newspapers were similar and different in their methods of expression, news values and key themes. Firstly, methods of expression completely differed. The Sydney Morning Herald wrote “Here comes the Packer bride and the paparazzi” in the headline and inserted photographs showing James Packer’s vow and Erica Baxter wearing a dress and escorted by her father, Michael Baxter, whereas The Daily Telegraph wrote “Packer’s style switch from low-key to lavish” and inserted photographs showing Packer’s vow but different angle and guests taken under helicopter.

Secondly, news values of two articles also differed. The Sydney Morning Herald reported a summary of this wedding in order to deliver general information. As a result, this was written by moderate words. However, The Daily Telegraph focused on the bride’s wedding dress and used sarcastic words, such as ‘lavish’ and ‘splurge’, because it is able to give a feeling of satisfaction to their readers who want to know defects of powerful people. Finally, these key themes were similar. Both articles used the same key words, a wedding and a dress worth one hundred thousand Australian dollars.

K3 in the Redfern Park

2007-06-25T01:45:00.001+10:00

Redfern Park, New South Wales, Australia

My Lime-Green K3

2007-06-07T15:35:00.001+10:00

Illustrated by KJ

Designed by J.Y. Hwang

Suddenly I See

2007-05-23T16:49:00.001+10:00

Directed by J.Y. Hwang

What I've Done

2007-05-20T19:17:00.001+10:00

Sung by Linkin Park in 2007

In this farewell
There’s no blood
There’s no alibi
Cause I’ve drawn regret
From the truth
Of a thousand lies

So let mercy come
And wash away

What I’ve done
I’ll face myself
To cross out what I’ve become
Erase myself
And let go of what I’ve done

Put to rest
What you thought of me
While I clean this slate
With the hands
Of uncertainty

So let mercy come
And wash away

What I’ve done
I’ll face myself
To cross out what I’ve become
Erase myself
And let go of what I’ve done

For what I’ve done
I start again
And whatever pain may come
Today this ends
I’m forgiving what I’ve done

I’ll face myself
To cross out what I’ve become
Erase myself
And let go of what I’ve done
What I’ve done

Forgiving what I’ve Done

Great Buckingham

2007-05-07T16:20:00.000+10:00

Great Buckingham, Redfern, NSW, Australia

JY

2007-05-07T05:03:00.000+10:00

Great Buckingham, New South Wales, Australia

Lime-Green K3

2007-04-29T22:34:00.000+10:00

It is better to fail than to give up.

2007-03-30T10:08:00.000+10:00

K5 in Hyde Park

2007-03-24T19:14:00.000+11:00

Hyde Park, Sydney, Australia

KJ

2007-03-24T12:54:00.000+11:00

Great Buckingham, New South Wales, Australia

The Negative Effects of Technology in the Workplace

2007-02-28T10:03:00.000+11:00

Technological development brings about the change of life styles. Computers are one of the most important factors of this development. This has affected many areas, especially in the workplace. Introduction of computer has led modern industry to progress. Factories can produce more much and rapid an amount of products. However, it also brings negative effects. This essay will demonstrate the possible negative effects of technology on the workplace, focusing on the demand on higher skills and the chance of advancement.

Technological development demands higher skilled workers. The modern industry requires faster and perfectly accurate results. This requirement means that employers need to use computers. In the past, for example, there were many workers controlling machines on the production lines, so they had occasionally made miscalculations. This was because most machines were only controlled by worker's hands. Today, computers do this job instead of workers. This situation gives the improvement of productive capacity and quality. As a result, many workers have to learn higher skills, such as using computer, to control machines, because it becomes very important to remain competitive in their enduring jobs (U.S. Department of Labor 2004).

Technological development also negatively influences the advancement chances of workers. Most workers want to have a good position and obtain a higher salary. One of the best ways to have a good salary in the past was to gain various kinds of experience and knowledge. According to Roberts (2004), before technology is expanding in the workplace, a worker who started in low-level job had a fair opportunity to change position to a higher level, but they don't have the opportunities now. The experience and knowledge are not valuable anymore because workers having high-skills which are required by employers can start out on the high level jobs. In consequence, employees not having high-skills do not have the chances of advancement even though they have worked for a long time (Roberts 2004).

In conclusion, technological development in modern industry requires workers to have higher skills. It could also influence the promotion chances of workers. Although modern life needs technological development, it has made social problems such as loss of employment.

Bibliography

U.S. Department of Labor 2004, Implication of Workplace Change, <http://www.dol.gov/oasam/programs/history/herman/reports/futurework/report/pdf/ch7.pdf>.

Roberts E. 2004, Technology in the Workplace: Computers, Ethics, and Social Responsibility, Stanford University, <http://cse.stanford.edu/class/cs201/Projects/effect-on-interpersonal-skills/Work1.htm>.

The Trailer for 'SPIDER-MAN 3'

2007-02-22T10:01:00.000+11:00

Links to Violent Behaviour Raise Concerns

2007-02-16T09:55:00.000+11:00

In the section “Links to Violent Behaviour Raise Concerns” (Subrahmanyam et al 2000),* the authors describe various effects of playing violent computer games on children’s behaviour.

According to the authors, the most favourite children’s computer games contain competition and aggression, and the amount of these properties has gone up with new games. However, parents do not forbid playing the violent games, because they are not fully informed about the names of the favourite violent games.

The authors point out that numerous studies have shown that children watching violent television programs and films become aggressive and hostile. In this way, they will probably behave aggressively and hostilely when they play violent computer games. Also, the authors highlight the fact that although children may only play violent games for a short time, they are affected aggressively, and they may exhibit anti-social behaviour. The time which is spent playing violent games is not as important as a preference for playing violent games. Moreover, they will feel less caring about others if they are exposed to continuous violence and aggression. The authors conclude by emphasising that children who prefer playing violent games will display more aggressive behaviour than children who do not prefer violent games.

Reference
* Subrahmanyam, K., Kraut, R.E., Greenfield, P.M., and Gross, E.F. 2000, 'Children and Computer Technology', The Impact of Home Computer Use on Children’s Activities and Development, The Future of Children, <http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~kraut/RKraut.site.files/articles/subrahmanyam00-Compute&kids.pdf>.

Bronte Beach

2007-02-02T09:53:00.000+11:00

Bronte Beach, New South Wales, Australia

Showcase of T9

2007-01-29T09:42:00.000+11:00

Iron Cove

2007-01-23T06:31:00.000+11:00

Iron Cove, New South Wales, Australia

The Advertising Techniques Used to Target Children

2007-01-22T09:33:00.000+11:00

Children are one of the most influential groups of consumption. Although they are not an income group, they have power to move a large amount of money. Many advertisers try to make advertisements attracting children's attention, and persuading their desire. In order to accomplish these purposes of advertising, four main techniques are used to generate effective advertisements.

The first technique is the use of cartoon characters. The term 'cartoon characters' means interesting characters children have known. Well-known characters, such as heroes of animation movies, comics and novels, are often used to attract children's attention. For instance, Batman is a popular hero in animation movies and comics of the same name.

Another technique employed in advertising is the use of free offers or 'giveaways'. A small gift provided with the product when it is sold is known as a free offer. An illustration of this technique is a baseball card contained in a packet of chewing gum, or a movie magazine presenting movie posters when it is subscribed.

The use of sound effects is one very marketable technique used by advertisers. Sound effects have variety of sounds encouraging the sense of hearing and it is easy to remember. These sounds, such as jingle, background music and real sound, are inserted, so that children can easily connect them to the products. For example, McDonald's jingle pops into children's mind, whether they feel hungry or not.

Finally, testimonials are also a very marketable technique. The term 'testimonials' refers to advertisements showing a person endorsing a product. Famous people, such as heroes of kids' television serial dramas, athletes, actors and actresses, are often used to provide testimonials. An example of this is the famous actor, Brandon Routh, who is a hero of the movie, 'Superman returns', advertising Kellogg's products.