Never Again

"Never leave that till tomorrow which you can do today."

- Benjamin Franklin

Taronga Zoo

Taronga Zoo, Mosman, NSW, Australia

The Universal Definition of Political Cartoon

1. Introduction
People and politics could be defined in economic terms of demand and supply or cause and effect. Politics obtain the powers that control national organisations by the people who want to develop their ground of lives. The public want to appear their opinion about politics. Politics comment on a variety of methods, such as music, movie, speeches, and cartoons. Political cartooning is one of the ways to convey the public's desire. However, political cartoons may be a sensitive issue, because it depends on situation of cartoonists and agreement by the public. The aim of this report is to examine the key a universal definition associated with the term political cartoon, also describe reasons and examples about the definition.

2. Discussion of Political Cartoon
2.1 Composition
Political cartoons are different from general cartoons. Typically, political cartoons are composed of two aspects, which are caricature and allusion. According to Backer (1996, para. 1), caricature is individual parodies and allusion is creations of the situation or context of the placement of the individual. These aspects are shown by simple illustration and short sentences usually to express strongly. Backer (1996, para. 1) also defines that political cartoons were the "fanciful exercises" in the past. It could be before did not appear the power of the political cartoons.

2.2 History
In Germany, the political cartoon was started by Martin Luther under the influence of Catholic Church. "As time went on, Germanic art assimilated the Italian caricature and established the conventions practised on a wide basis by cartoonists of the eighteenth century" (Backer 1996, para. 4). Also political cartoons presented the history of United States. In Asian, especially in Singapore because there was under the British, political cartoons have continued by politician and the public. It could be connected to British directly. Like this, political cartoons' history started, in Europe, Asian, and United States, around the world.

2.3 Influence
One political cartoon has often strong powers, which show and move the public's desire. An illustration of this is "Join or Die" by Benjamin Franklin. Disconnected snake with abbreviated words represented the Colonies. This was the first American political cartoon; also it became the symbol of the American Revolution. Backer (1996, para. 5) states that "Franklin's snake is significant in the development of cartooning because it became an icon that could be displayed in differing variations throughout the existing visual media of the day". In addition, political cartoon are used to move the public by politician in general election campaigns. "General election campaigns show editorial cartoonists at their most political, like papers as a whole" (Seymour-Ure 2001, p. 338). The author also demonstrates that almost four out of five cartoons in the five weeks of the 1997 campaign were about the election. This fact could be shown how political cartoons affect that the concentration on the party leader as the representative or symbol of their immediate colleagues. In Singapore, editorial cartoonists persists similar way, "Better to be safe than to be sorry" is their own mentality state of civil consciousness (Tju 2001, p. 79).

3. Definition of Political Cartoon
3.1 Definition
Political cartoon define the visual aspects, discourse, and arguing without the need to read. One of these examples is Luther's cartoon, "Passional Christi und Antichristi" which was originally drawn by Lucas Cranach, with simple illustration and no writing. It may be for the people who could not read, and became more Christlike (Backer 1996, para. 3). Another of these examples is Steve Bell's cartoon in 1997, British. This cartoon figured one man, who wears the cellular underpants outside his trousers and is ready to fire his wick, with the title, "Election 97". In this example, "Major appears to hope the pants will act as a sort of rocket launcher, jetting him into the general election campaign" (Seymour-Ure 2001, p. 350).

3.2 Reasons
The public want to know hidden truths. Also, they want to change or turn to the right direction. These describe why political cartoons are continued within history. The author, Seymour-Ure (2001) describes continuity among cartoonists. "This combination of familiarity and predictability with a particular freshness every day is what provides a newspaper with its stability as an enterprise" (p. 337). Flows of stories in political cartoons are attractive because it seems like separated story or not connected. However, it is not comics. This means for reading or recognising political cartoons, readers should know the background of each cartoon. That is why cartoonists have expressed instead of the public by independent way.

3.3 Examples
Some of political cartoons influenced salient events of history. "Join or Die" by Benjamin Franklin became the symbol of the American Revolution, it responded the Civil War. "Mr. Singapore 1996" in Asiaweek (2 February 1996) by Heng, which was illustrated that "a bodybuilder symbolising Singapore is showing off his muscles" (Tju 2001, p. 80). It also connected the social issues, Singapore back to China. "The Harmony Boys" by David Low, there were four people in this cartoon. One of these people was Hitler who orchestrated from Italy, Spain, and the USSR, early in the Second World War. "Low epitomised Hitler, for his own and subsequent generations, through such tabs of identity as the forelock and moustache" (Seymour-Ure 2001, p. 336).

4. Conclusion
Political cartoons could be defined universally because countries that have politics and no limit of expression have political cartoons. This history is long term because it is the public's desire and expression of opinions. Even though politicians do not want to be treated by cartoon, it is significant way to develop "human social".


References

Backer, D. 1996, 'A Brief History of Political Cartoon', Uniting Mugwumps and the Masses, viewed 11 September 2007, <http://xroads.virginia.edu/~MA96/PUCK/part1.html>.

Seymour-Ure, C. 2001, 'What Future for the British Political Cartoon?', Journalism Studies, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 333-355.

Tju, L.C. 2001, 'Political Cartoons in Singapore: Misnomer or Redefinition Necessary?', Journal of Popular Culture, pp. 77-83.

My Celebrity Lookalikes

STUDYING, SAVING, or SURVIVING

Serious problems that international students face

Sydney's students, especially in international students, are in the middle of problems about their accommodation.

A survey of 100 international students, who study courses of Academic English Pathway at UTS: Insearch, states Sydney CBD and around suburbs, such as Ultimo, Waterloo, and Pyrmont, have 39% students. Moreover, 84% students of them live in a kind of share house, and over 50% of their share houses have over four people.

"There are eleven people in my three-bed roomed house. My house is just like a backpacker, it is not private space," one of these students said.

He usually study in the library of UTS but cannot study in his room with two room-mates. "Even though I am at home, I do not go to bed before midnight because I cannot get to sleep," he also said. This describes why he meets friends of him after 10 pm. However, he does not want to live in outside of the city. "City has everything in my Australian life, such as my school, friends, etc. I am enjoying city life except my house."

The survey also states that students, who live in Sydney CBD and around suburbs, pay a higher cost than others, who live in outside of the city. For example, by 120 dollars, could be able to get an over three people room in the city, however, in outside of city, can live in a two people room. Thus, city's students find low cost houses to save money, which is reason why too many people live in a house.

According to an interview with a one of the city's apartment renters, who has contracted by a real estate directly, most city apartments, especially in share houses, have more than four people, and those are often used to earn money. "I agree that a cost of share house in the city is more expensive than outside of the city's, but nobody cares. Every student wants to live in the city, so this cost is made by them. It might seem a relationship between supply and demand," the renter said.

How do eleven people live in a three-bed roomed house? The answer is "3-2-2-2-2"; 3 is in a master room, 2 and 2 are in each second room, 2 is in the living room, and 2 is on the sunlounge.

"We have got documents, called Residential Tenancy Agreement," a manager of one of real estates in the city said.

"A renter has to agree how many people can live in there, and if a renter breaks any of the terms of the agreement, a contract will be ended by a landlord."

Through the Agreement (1997 edition, page 7), "A fixed term agreement may be ended for the following reasons, provided that a least 14 days' notice is given," this means that a renter, who broken a contract, must leave a house 14 days later. "But it hardly happens," a manager said.

Does it make sense? "We have already known that problem, but from the Agreement, we have no more than four inspections are allowed in any period of 12 months," a manager continued. Inspections are to check whether agreement is doing well or not, but these are not surprise inspections. "To inspect the premises, if the tenant gets 7 days' notice" (the Agreement, page 7). "Actually, we cannot count how many people live in there when we have an inspection. We just suppose it from furniture, such as beds, desks, and clothes chests, but it is also difficult to guess because some of tenants have often moved furniture before inspection. If we have no evidence, a contract is continued."

One of the major problems from this situation is no guarantee of safety. "City of Sydney Council inspects all buildings, include shops, apartments, and houses, about fire safety," a building surveyor of Sydney Council said. Council's inspections focus on every kind of a fire-fighting equipment, a line, an apparatus, and an alarm. "We also inspect inside of houses but we do not count how many people live in there. However, if we judge that some situations, for example, a lot of electric equipments are plugged in a one socket, could be able to cause a fire, we impose a penalty on a building owner," he said.

"A lot of friends of mine want to stay in the city. And I will also never move out of the city. We are here to study, and we are here to enjoy. I do not want to give up both, even my safety and private life do not be guaranteed," the student said, and then he goes to the library.

Accommodation problems for students are not short term. Everybody knows that but nobody tries to make countermeasures, include schools. Educational work is one of most important businesses to Australia. To continue this work, effective plans may be drawn up.

The Father of Economics, Adam Smith

"The Father of Economics", Adam Smith (1723 – 1790) was a Scottish economist and philosopher. He was born in a small town, Kirkcaldy near Edinburgh in Scotland, and was the son of the comptroller of the customs.

1. Life and Background
Adam Smith entered the University of Glasgow when he was 15 years old, studying Greek literature, mathematics, and ethics. He also studied moral philosophy under "the never-to-be-forgotten" Francis Hutcheson, a mercantilist. In 1740, he shifted to the Balliol College of the University of Oxford to study because England was stronger both in agriculture and economy than Scotland's. He met the philosopher David Hume who became one of the closets of his friends there, and was influenced by Hume's treatise, Human Nature. At the age of 25, he began delivering public lectures, rhetoric in Edinburgh, and then he assumed the professor of the University of Glasgow. In 1752, he transferred to the chair of moral philosophy that was a lecture of Smith's mentor, Francis Hutcheson. Smith's lectures covered the field of ethics, rhetoric, jurisprudence, and political economy, or "police and revenue". In 1759 he published Theory of Moral Sentiments, embodying some of his Glasgow lectures. This work gave him his reputation. At the end of 1763, he left Glasgow to become tutor to the young duke of Buccleuch, and he travelled France with his pupil from 1764 until 1766. In his travels, he came to know French physiocrats and philosophers such as Voltaire, Rousseau, and Franklin. After travelling, he devoted much of the next ten years to his magnum opus, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations which appeared in 1776. He also plunged studies of philosophy, history, and politics. He was appointed the president of the University of Glasgow in 1787 and died in Edinburgh on July 17, 1790.

The period of his time was before the Industrial Revolution. Merchant capital had been growing in cities, and manufacture became as new way of production in rural communities that time. Adam Smith could be called the economist of the age of manufacture. The beginning of large-scale industrial capitalism based on division of work affected his ideas; the whole society is similar to workplace doing division of work, the manufacturing industry is also important with commercial and agriculture industries. In 1776, however, the Industrial Revolution just began when An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations appeared. The theory of economy which worked after the Industrial Revolution was described by Smith before the Industrial Revolution through An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. It could make sure Adam Smith was the father of economics.

2. Career and Achievements
Adam Smith studied at the University of Glasgow, and then had studied by him self at the University of Oxford for six years. This was because there was no substantial education at Oxford. On returning to the University of Glasgow, he was appointed professor of logic (1751), then the chair of moral philosophy (1752). Economics was not an independent subject yet, so it was included moral philosophy in that time. This fact could be known that Smith's ideas were the beginning of economics.

Smith published two books, Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759) and An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776).

● Theory of Moral Sentiments
This theory was concerned with the explanation of moral approval and disapproval. From Smith's question; Why do we regard certain actions or intentions with approval and condemn others? People's opinions in the age of Smith were separated as two kinds; the law could judge what was right or wrong, and another was the moral standard which could be like mathematics formula. However, Smith presented new way of judgement within these arguments. He stated that everybody has lived with a moral sense which can see what is right or not. According to Smith, this sense called "sympathy" could be able to provide in social organisation. Thus, ethical emotion is a result of human nature, not human reason. This means that social organisation is seen as the outcome of human action but not necessarily of human design.

● An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations
This book became the first systematised economics book, and contributed theoretical and practical knowledge about economy. In this book, Smith claimed that free trade must be established proliferation of division of work being to increase people's wealth; he also warned monopolisation and protection in market by the Government are more harm than good. "A vast and stinging critique of the crippling regulation of commerce and trade that was then current, it argued that if people were set free to better themselves, it would – 'as if by an invisible hand' – actually benefit the whole of society" (Adam Smith Institute 2007, para. 6).

3. Context of His Age and His Ideas
When he published An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, the Industrial Revolution just began. England as an agricultural country exported food but the manufacturing industry just produced only fabric made by small farmhouses or minor enterprises. Nation's policy was mercantilism following regulation that defined labours cannot be able to move freely, and incomes are controlled. However, mercantilism was not affect because of the movement of population from rural communities and prevalence of contraband. As a result, new industrial capitalists and people in the city wanted to get free economic activities. Adam Smith's ideas were welcomed because his ideas were what they wanted.

"It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker, that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own interest. We address ourselves, not to their humanity but to their self-love, and never talk to them of our necessities but of their advantages" (Smith 1776, Book I, Chapter II). Through his book, he demonstrated that major motivation of human nature is pursuit of their own profits. In addition, there were basic regularities in the world, so whole social profits composed of individual profit naturally. He thought that these theories could be archived in the market by price called "the invisible hand". The basis called "laissez-faire" of this view was that a good economic system on field could be created when the government has less interference. In this view, the government must become small. This means that the government would arrange just the defence of a country, the public safety, and public enterprises, also against protective trade and claimed free trade.

4. Strengths or Weaknesses
In United States of 1929, the Wall Street Crash showed the weak point of Smith's "invisible hand". The Wall Street Crash of 1929 was one of the most devastation stock market crashes in United States' history. People believed that we had just waited to become quiet of the crash because market could be reduced by its self. However, there was no "invisible hand" there. For solving this panic, new government policy called "new deal" appeared by Roosevelt who was the thirty-second President of the United States. Free trade from laissez-faire also has not proved that the rich-get-richer and the poor-get-poorer. However, although his ideas have been weak, his ideas are still the basis of modern economics and still working. Adam Smith created the theory which could be proved the Industrial Revolution, capitalism, and modern economics before it happened.

References

Adam Smith Institute 2007, ‘Adam Smith’, Adam Smith Institute, viewed 29 August 2007, <http://www.adamsmith.org/smith>.

Smith, A. 1759, The Theory of Moral Sentiments.

Smith, A. 1776, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations.

www . JYHWANG . com

Adam Smith

1. Biography
• June 5, 1723 (baptism) in Scotland – July 17, 1790 in Scotland
• Philosopher and political economist
• Key figure; Scottish Enlightenment in 18th Century
• Known as "The Father of Economics"
• Schools: Glasgow University and Balliol College of the University of Oxford
• No personal papers remained
• Never married, a close relationship with his mother

2. Main Ideas
● Laissez-faire
• Short for "laissez faire, laissez passer" in French, which meaning to let things alone, let them pass.
• Laissez-faire has since become the synonym for free market economics.
• The basis of this idea is that a good economic system on field could be created when the government has less interference.

● Books
The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759)
• "Standards of ethical conduct that hold society together, with emphasis on the general harmony of human motives and activities under a beneficent Providence" (Chew 1996, para. 2).
• New liberalism.
• A social organisation is composed of the outcome of people's actions; it is not from people's intentions.

An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776)
• "A vast and stinging critique of the crippling regulation of commerce and trade that was then current, it argued that if people were set free to better themselves, it would – 'as if by an invisible hand' - actually benefit the whole of society. The book influenced thought and politics profoundly, and was one of the foundations of the era of liberal free trade that dominated the Nineteenth Century" (Adam Smith Institute 2007, para. 6).

● Adam Smith Quote
On The Invisible Hand,
"It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker, that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own interest. We address ourselves, not to their humanity but to their self-love, and never talk to them of our necessities but of their advantages" (Smith 1776, Book I, Chapter II).

3. Social Context of Times
• In the period known as The Enlightenment, Eighteenth-century Europe happened significant changes based on culture by religious problems such as weak faith to God.
• "The concept of a single, Europe-wide movement may of course be challenged in detail: it does reflect a cultural dominance of French thought" (Kids.Net.Au 2007, para. 7).
• Anti-slavery movement
"The growth of humanitarian feeling during the Age of Enlightenment in the 18th century, the spread of the ideas of Jean Jacques Rousseau and others, and the increase of democratic sentiment led to a growing attack on the slave trade. The French Revolution had a great effect not only in the spread of agitation for human rights but more directly..." (The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, para. 1).
• Interest in new ideas and awareness of world
• Emphasis on rights and liberty

4. Reception of Ideas
"In 1759 he published his The Theory of Moral Sentiments, embodying some of his Glasgow lectures. This work, which established Smith's reputation in his day, was concerned with how human communication depends on sympathy between agent and spectator (that is, the individual and other members of society)....He bases his explanation not, as the third Lord Shaftesbury and Hutcheson had done, on a special 'moral sense'; nor, as Hume did, on utility; but on sympathy" (Wikipedia 2007, para. 4).

5. Relevance of Ideas
• "The Wealth of Nations, one of the earliest attempts to systematically study the historical development of industry and commerce in Europe, as well as a sustained attack on the doctrines of mercantilism" (Wikipedia 2007, para. 1).
• The modern academic discipline of economics
• Free trade, capitalism, and libertarianism
• Help turn Europe into a free trade domain, for example, European Union.
• See also, Industrial Revolution

6. Strengths or Weaknesses
• If there is no government, would a social organisation be developed because it is influenced on Laissez-faire?
• On free market, is every country developing or developed?
• There was no "invisible hand" on Black Monday in United States.
• The rich-get-richer and the poor-get-poorer.


References

Adam Smith Institute 2007, 'Adam Smith', Adam Smith Institute, viewed 8 August 2007, <http://www.adamsmith.org/smith>.

Chew, R. 1996, 'Adam Smith', Lucidcafé, viewed 8 August 2007, <http://www.lucidcafe.com/library/96jun/smith.html>.

Kids.Net.Au 2007, 'The Enlightenment', Kids.Net.Au, viewed 8 August 2007, <http://encyclopedia.kids.net.au/page/th/The_Enlightenment>.

Smith, A. 1759, The Theory of Moral Sentiments.

Smith, A. 1776, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations.

The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia 2007, 'The Antislavery Movement', 6th edn, The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Columbia University Press, <http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/bus/A0861125.html>.

Wikipedia 2007, 'Adam Smith', Wikipedia, viewed 8 August 2007, <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith>.

Accused: The Man Who Threw Rocks on the Freeway

North, East, West, and South; NEWS

Although the origin of the word 'news' is unknown, it could be identified that news has dealt with every event and problem. Referred to by the Collins COBUILD dictionary, news is information that is published in newspapers and broadcast on radio and television about a recently changed situation or a recent event in the country or world or in a particular area of activity. The two newspapers in this essay are The Sydney Morning Herald, a broadsheet and The Daily Telegraph, a tabloid. Both newspapers are published daily in Australia but each newspaper uses different way to convey information. This essay will compare and contrast methods of expression, news values, and key themes between both the newspapers of the same story, on the same day.

Two daily newspapers, The Sydney Morning Herald and The Daily Telegraph which were published on Tuesday, 24 July, 2007, reported about an accused man who threw rocks on the freeway. According to both the newspapers, the man, Peter Hodgkins, 25, who was at home on bail, was arrested two days ago in Kiama Downs. About 3.15 am on Sunday, he throw the rocks from the end of the Princes Highway, then a traveller, Nicole Miller, 22, who was a beauty therapist, was struck by the rocks he threw that smashed through a rear side window of her friend's vehicle. After the incident, she has needed the support of a breathing machine in Wollongong Hospital because the rocks thrown by Peter Hodgkins had crushed her skull and injured her face. Both articles wrote information about the rock thrower, Peter Hodgkins. According to his own profile on MySpace, a social networking website, he is a devoted single father, loves his daughter and earns less than $30,000 a year. In addition, two articles reported how he was arrested and how he had got bail.

Both newspapers were similar and different in their methods of expression, news values and key themes. Firstly, methods of expression such as headlines, photographs, and article's placement, are completely different between each newspaper. The Sydney Morning Herald wrote "The man accused of throwing the rock" and "The woman fighting for her life" in the headlines on the left section of the front page, and inserted photographs showing the man, Peter Hodgkins, whose face is affected as mosaic design and the woman, Nicole Miller, who is smiling without mosaic design. On page 3, The Sydney Morning Herald also wrote "At home on bail: the man accused of freeway rock attack" in the headline, and also inserted the same photograph as the front page with a sub headline, "Charged…Peter Hodgkins was arrested after a tip-off". However, The Daily Telegraph wrote a different headline which stated, "Friends shock at rock arrest" on the left section of the front page, and inserted a photograph showing Peter Hodgkins without any distortion effect. On page 5, this newspaper used the headlines, "Secrets of rock attack suspect" written by the biggest point typeface in this page and "Loves daughter, idolises dad…in deep trouble" by smaller point typeface than Secrets…'s. Moreover, there were three photographs on this page, one of these photographs showing Peter Hodgkins, which is the same photograph of The Sydney Morning Herald's but no mosaic effect and showing the half of the his body with tattoos, especially 'PAYABLE ON DEATH', and two of the photographs showed the woman and the damaged car with a broken window. Even though the two newspapers used the same photograph showing the man, their treatments are quite different. According to Sheley and Ashkins (cited in Davis 1981, p. 492), pictures of crime news presented in newspapers reflect on the public’s conception of crime. In this case, the tabloid content of The Daily Telegraph made fear and anger more than content in this article's from the man from using his smiling with the finger in contrast with the smiling woman.

Secondly, news values of the two articles are similar. Even though the two articles were written about crime, the flow of stories followed an entertainment form. In terms of these stories, 'human interest' and 'emotional appeal' may be defined as the news values. For example, the broadsheet, The Sydney Morning Herald did not avoid typical tabloid content. In the beginning of this article, The Sydney Morning Herald wrote the facts, Peter Hodgkins was logged on to his social networking website, MySpace after being charged and his hobbies are fishing and surfing. These facts were not directly relevant and necessary in order to explain this incident in itself, but these are generally relevant to understand the context. Tabloid content that may appear in newspapers and broadcast on radio and television especially shows crimes, sex and celebrities' scandals (Lumby 1999, p. 39). The Daily Telegraph also followed tabloid content through photographs. Additionally, the attractive headlines, for example, 'Loves daughter', which were against this terrible crime, captured the attention of readers.

Finally, the treatments of each article are also similar. Traditionally news can be separated between soft and hard news. "'Soft news' deal with human interest stories and news items considered 'interesting' or 'entertaining'. 'Hard news' deals with 'important' stories and is usually considered to contain more 'hard facts'" (Turner 2006, p. 9). Both articles treated a story focusing the one man and his victim. It is sufficient to define that both stories are soft news. People who have known this story will be afraid but it was simply an accident. There is no plan to be not a victim. As a result, these stories just seem to convey more entertaining facts rather than educational information. However, although the flow of this story is focused on one man, this news carries on hard facts. This means stories of crime still can be defined as hard news.

In conclusion, both newspapers treated the same story about an accused man who threw rocks. Even though they showed the same photographs, the ways of expression are different. Moreover, these headlines are different because both newspapers each focused on different points. It could be defined that they have different target audience. However, the story is obviously crime news as hard news, though the flow of this story seemed entertainment news.

References

HarperCollins 2003, Advanced Learner's English Dictionary, 4th edn, HarperCollins, Glasgow.

Lumby, C. 1999, Gotcha: Life in tabloid world, Allen and Unwin, St Leonards.

Sheley, J.F. & Ashkins, C.D. 1981, 'Crime, Crime News, and Crime Views', Public Opinion Quarterly, vol. 45, Elsevier North-Holland, pp. 492-506.

Turner R. 2006, 'The News', Media Analysis 1, Insearch UTS, Sydney.

Rupert Murdoch, a Throne, and Tabloid Content

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